1. Perception is the organization, identification, and interpretation of sensory information in order to represent and understand the presented information or environment.
2. Perception
2.1. Vision
2.1.1. How we make sense of what we see
2.1.1.1. Bottom-up Processing
2.1.1.1.1. A type of information processing based on incoming data from the environment to form a perception
2.1.1.2. Top-down Processing
2.1.1.2.1. Refers to information processing that is driven by cognition. It makes use of contextual information in pattern recognition.
2.2. Sensory Adaptation and Deprivation
2.2.1. Adaptation- Reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious .
2.2.2. Deprivation- The absence of normal levels of sensory stimulatio
2.3. Attention
2.3.1. Inattentional Blindness
2.3.1.1. The failure to notice something that is completely visible because the person was actively attending to something else and did not pay attention to other things (Mack & Rock, 1998; Simons & Chabris, 1999).
2.4. Motivation
2.4.1. Signal Detection Theory
2.4.1.1. The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background
2.5. Depth Perception
2.5.1. Retinal Disparity
2.5.1.1. Used to perceive depth
2.5.1.2. Involves the use of both eyes and refers to the difference between the view that each eye receives of a given object or scene
2.5.2. Linear Perspective
2.5.2.1. Approximate representation, generally on a flat surface, of an image as it is seen by the eye.
2.5.3. Interposition
2.5.3.1. When one object overlaps with another object, and the object being covered is perceived as being farther away.
2.6. Perceptual Organization
2.6.1. Figure-and-Ground Principle
2.6.1.1. Refers to the tendency of the visual system to simplify a scene into the main object that we are looking at and everything else that forms the background.
2.6.2. Law of Closure
2.6.2.1. Refers to our tendency to complete an incomplete shape in order to rationalize the whole
2.6.3. Prägnanz Law
2.6.3.1. It shows how our eyes can simplify complex shapes into simple shapes.
2.6.4. Law of Common Fate
2.6.4.1. It observes that when objects point in the same direction, we see them as a related group.
2.6.5. Law of Similarity
2.6.5.1. Suggests that things similar things tend to appear grouped together. Grouping can occur in both visual and auditory stimuli.
2.6.6. Law of Proximity
2.6.6.1. things that are near each other seem to be grouped together.
2.6.7. Law of Continuity
2.6.7.1. The law of continuity holds that points that are connected by straight or curving lines are seen in a way that follows the smoothest path. Rather than seeing separate lines and angles, lines are seen as belonging together.
2.6.8. Law of Common Region
2.6.8.1. This Gestalt law of perceptual organization suggests that elements that are grouped together within the same region of space tend to be grouped together.
2.6.9. Law of Closure
2.6.9.1. According to the law of closure, things are grouped together if they seem to complete some entity. Our brains often ignore contradictory information and fill in gaps in information.
3. Sensation
3.1. Sensory Overload
3.1.1. Overstimulation of the senses.
3.1.2. Can use selective attention to reduce sensory overload.
3.1.3. Selective attention
3.1.4. The focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others.
3.2. Vision
3.2.1. What we see
3.2.1.1. Hue
3.2.1.1.1. Visual experience specified by color names and related to the wavelength of light.
3.2.1.2. Brightness
3.2.1.2.1. Lightness and luminance; the visual experience related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object.
3.2.1.3. Saturation
3.2.1.3.1. Vividness or purity of color; the visual experience related to the complexity of light waves.
3.3. Hearing
3.3.1. What we hear
3.3.1.1. Loudness
3.3.1.1.1. The dimension of auditory experience related to the intensity of a pressure wave.
3.3.1.2. Pitch
3.3.1.2.1. The dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wave.
3.3.1.3. Timbre
3.3.1.3.1. The distinguishing quality of sound; the dimension of auditory experience related to the complexity of the pressure wave.
3.4. Taste
3.4.1. Savoury Sensation
3.4.1.1. Papillae
3.4.1.1.1. Knoblike elevations on the tongue, containing the taste buds (Singular: papilla).
3.4.1.2. Taste buds
3.4.1.2.1. Nests of taste-receptor cells.
3.4.2. Basic Taste
3.4.2.1. Salty
3.4.2.2. Sour
3.4.2.3. Bitter
3.4.2.4. Sweet
3.5. Smell
3.5.1. Sense of scents
3.5.1.1. Airborne chemical molecules enter the nose and circulate through the nasal cavity.
3.5.1.2. Vapors can also enter through the mouth and pass into nasal cavity
3.5.1.3. Receptors on the roof of the nasal cavity detect these molecules
3.6. Touch
3.6.1. Pain
3.6.1.1. Neuromatrix Theory of Pain
3.6.1.1.1. Theory that the matrix of neurons in the brain is capable of generating pain (and other sensations) in the absence of signals from sensory nerves.
3.7. Environment within
3.7.1. Kinesthetic
3.7.1.1. The sense of body positions and movement of body parts
3.7.2. Equilibrium
3.7.2.1. The sense of balance
3.7.3. Semicircular canals
3.7.3.1. Sense organs in the inner ear, which contribute to equilibrium by responding to rotation of the head.