1. How to Classify
1.1. Structure - Multicellular
1.1.1. FRUITING BODY
1.1.1.1. Above ground reproductive structure Produces airborne spores (if conditions are favourable)
1.1.2. MYCELIUM
1.1.2.1. Below ground Net-like mass made of branching hyphae Makes up the bulk of the organism
1.1.3. HYPHAE
1.1.3.1. Basic structural unit of fungus Multicellular thread-like filament
1.1.4. FRUITING BODY
1.2. Nutrition
1.2.1. Parasitic
1.2.1.1. Absorbent nutrients from the living cells of a host organism
1.2.2. Predatory
1.2.2.1. Soil Fungi who mycelia have specialized structures for trapping prey
1.2.3. Mutualistic
1.2.3.1. Has partnership with other organisms
1.2.4. Saprobial
1.2.4.1. Organisms that feed on dead organisms and waste
1.3. Reproduction
1.3.1. Sexual and Asexual
1.3.1.1. Fungi Imperfecti
1.3.1.2. Chytrids
1.3.1.2.1. Mostly aquatic, spores have flagella
1.3.1.3. Zygospore Fungi
1.3.1.3.1. Common mould
1.3.1.4. Sac Fungi
1.3.1.4.1. Largest group of fungi
1.3.1.5. Club Fungi
1.3.1.5.1. Mushrooms that grow on lawns and puffballs
2. Kingdom Fungi
3. The 3 Domains
3.1. 1. Archeae: very primitive forms of bacteria
3.1.1. Kingdom Archaebacteria
3.2. 2. Bacteria : more advanced forms of bacteria
3.2.1. Kingdom EuBacteria
3.3. 3. Eukaryota: all life forms with eukaryotic cells
3.3.1. Kingdom Protista
3.3.2. Kingdom Plantae
3.3.3. Kingdom Animalia
3.4. Organisms can be...
3.4.1. Prokaryotic – cells that lack a nucleus
3.4.2. Eukaryotic – cells that contain a nucleus
3.4.3. Unicellular – single-celled; made up of one cell
3.4.4. Multicellular – made up of many cells
3.4.5. Autotrophic – can make their own food
3.4.6. Heterotrophic – can not make their own food
4. 6 Kingdoms
4.1. Kingdom Archae
4.1.1. -unicellular, -prokaryotic -some are autotrophic and others heterotrophic -They are different from bacteria in the structure and chemical makeup of their cells. -Cell walls of different compositions
4.1.2. How to Classify
4.1.2.1. 1 Methanogen
4.1.2.1.1. -produce Methane - waste product -Live in O2-free environments (swamps, marshes, sewage disposal plants) -Use CO2 gas, and H2S as a source of energy
4.1.2.2. 2. Halophies
4.1.2.2.1. -salt loving (15% salt) - pigmentation in the form of bacteriorhodopsin, for photosynthesis, and carotenoids for UV protection. -caretonoids give them a pinkish color,
4.1.2.2.2. -offset the high salt in the environment by accumulating such compounds as potassium and glycine-betaine.
4.1.2.3. 3. Thermoacidophiles
4.1.2.3.1. -Heat and acid-loving archaea -Live in hot sulfur springs, volcanoes, deep sea vents. -Grow best at temperatures above 80°C -Use sulfur as their source of energy
4.2. Kingdom Protista
4.2.1. the “odds and ends” kingdom; *most are unicellular, others are multicellular *some are autotrophs, others are heterotrophs *Some have a cell wall
4.2.1.1. Cl
4.2.2. How to Classify
4.3. Kingdom EuBacteria / Bacteria
4.3.1. -Eubacteria, or “true” bacteria - -range of characteristics -
4.3.1.1. includes any organism that can not be classified as a animal, plant, or fungus eukaryotic
4.3.1.2. -unicellular,
4.3.1.3. -prokaryotic,
4.3.1.4. -some are autotrophic and others are heterotrophic.
4.3.1.5. -Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
4.3.1.6. -found everywhere on Earth except extreme environments.
4.3.2. How to Classify
4.3.2.1. 1. Shape
4.3.2.1.1. cocci-round
4.3.2.1.2. bacilli- rod
4.3.2.1.3. spirilli - spiral
4.3.2.1.4. vibrio - comma
4.3.2.2. 2. Growth Pattern
4.3.2.2.1. Diplo: arranged in pairs
4.3.2.2.2. Staphylo: arranged in clusters
4.3.2.2.3. Strepto:arranged in chains
4.3.2.3. 3. Cell Wall Structure
4.3.2.3.1. Gram Positive: thick protein layer on cell wall and stain PURPLE
4.3.2.3.2. Gram Negative: thin protein layer and stain PINK
4.3.3. Bacteria & Health
4.3.3.1. Clostridium botulinum
4.3.3.1.1. - type of food poisoning
4.3.4. Bacteria & Medicine
4.3.4.1. Antibiotics
4.3.4.1.1. Kill Bacteria
4.3.4.1.2. inhibit bacterial growth
4.4. Kingdom Animalia
4.4.1. Animals multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic live in diverse environments
4.4.2. How to Classify
4.4.2.1. Levels of organization
4.4.2.1.1. cells & tissues
4.4.2.2. number of body layers
4.4.2.2.1. development of 3 layers of cells: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
4.4.2.3. symmetry and body plans
4.4.2.3.1. Radiational symmetry
4.4.2.3.2. bilateral symmetry
4.4.2.4. body cavity
4.4.2.5. segmentation
4.4.2.6. movement
4.4.2.7. reproduction
4.4.2.7.1. asexual, sexual
4.4.2.8. Vertabrates
4.4.2.8.1. have inner skeleton and backbone
4.4.2.9. Invertabrates
4.4.2.9.1. No backbone
4.5. Kingdom Plantae
4.5.1. Plants multicellular eukaryotic autotrophic most live on land Cell wall of cellulose
4.5.2. How to Classify
4.5.2.1. non-vascular plants
4.5.2.2. vascular plants
4.5.2.3. seedless vascular plants
4.5.2.4. gymnosperm
4.5.2.5. angiosperm
4.5.2.6. conifers
4.5.2.7. monocotyledons
4.5.2.8. dicotyledons
4.5.2.9. woody stems
4.5.2.10. herbaceous stems
4.5.2.11. Monocot/Dicot
5. Contain ribosomes, a cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm and sometimes flagella
6. DNA is packed into linear structures called chromosomes in the nucleus
7. Characteristics of Living Things
7.1. 7 Characteristics of Living Things
7.1.1. #1 All living things are composed of cells
7.1.1.1. Single-cell organisms have everything they need to be self-sufficient
7.1.1.2. multicellular organisms, specialization increases until some cells do only certain things
7.1.2. #2 All living thing have different levels of organizations
7.1.3. #3 All living things use energy for maintenance and growth
7.1.4. #4 All living thing respond to their environments
7.1.5. #5 All living things grow
7.1.6. #6 All living things reproduce
7.1.7. #7 All living things adapt to their environment
7.2. The Importance of Classifying Living Things
7.2.1. 1. Farmers and gardeners need to be able to identify weeds
7.2.2. 2. Doctors need to be able to identify bacteria
7.2.3. 3. Many groups of peoples, collect plants for medicinal uses—very important to be able to identify the plants.
7.3. Structural Diversity - How Species Can Be Classified - TAXONOMY
7.3.1. Dichotomous Key
7.3.1.1. 3 Phylogenetic Species Concept.
7.3.1.2. 1. Biological Species Concept
7.3.1.3. 2. Morphological Species Concept
7.4. Why Do We Classify Living Things
7.4.1. 1 To determine a particular organism.
7.4.2. 2. To determine evolutionary relationships among organisms.
7.5. How We Clasify Things
7.5.1. Carl Linnaeus,
7.5.2. Taxonomy
7.5.3. Species
7.5.3.1. Part 1 - Genus
7.5.3.2. Part 2 - Species
8. Vaccines and Viruses
8.1. What is a virus:
8.1.1. Virus: -Non-living -Has genetic material (either DNA or RNA) -All shapes & sizes
8.1.2. STRUCTURE
8.1.2.1. DNA - This is the genetic material for the virus Capsid - This protein coat protects the DNA. Tail Fibre - These structures help secure the virus onto it's host ("victim")
8.2. How Viruses Reproduce
8.2.1. LYTIC CYCLE
8.2.1.1. -Can reproduce quickly -When it reproduces it has to take over another cell in order to do so (can’t reproduce on its own)
8.2.1.2. Lytic Cycle
8.2.1.2.1. 1. Attachment
8.2.1.2.2. 2. Insertion
8.2.1.2.3. 3. Replication
8.2.1.2.4. 4. Assembly
8.2.1.2.5. 5. Lysis
8.2.2. LYSOGENIC CYCLE
8.2.2.1. .
8.2.2.1.1. 1. Attachment
8.2.2.1.2. 2. Virus DNA enters cell
8.2.2.1.3. 3. Both DNAs mix
8.2.2.1.4. 4. Cell replicates - DNA virus
8.3. Vaccinations
8.3.1. Types of Vaccinations
8.3.1.1. Live, attenuated
8.3.1.1.1. Use a weakened form of the germ that causes the disease
8.3.1.2. Inactivated
8.3.1.2.1. Use a killed version of the germ that causes the disease
8.3.1.3. Subunit
8.3.1.3.1. Use specific pieces of the germ
8.3.1.4. Toxoid
8.3.1.4.1. Use a toxin made by the germ that causes the disease
8.3.2. COVID-19
9. Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
9.1. Prokaryotic Cells
9.1.1. Structures
9.1.1.1. Have NO MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
9.1.1.2. smaller than eukaryotic cell
9.1.1.3. in organisms like bacteria and archaea
9.1.1.4. unicellular
9.1.1.5. usually reproduce asexually
9.1.2. Functions
9.1.2.1. Help digest food
9.1.2.1.1. DNA is in a circular shape called a plasmid in the cytoplasm
9.1.3. Prokaryotic: A type of cell that has no membrane-bound organelles
9.2. Eukaryotic Cells
9.2.1. Structures
9.2.1.1. Usually larger than prokaryotic cells
9.2.1.2. strep throat -food poisoning (salmonella, e. Coli) -bronchitis -cholera -STI’s: chlamydia, syphilis, ghonarea
9.2.1.2.1. Can be part of unicellular or multicellular organisms
9.2.1.3. In animals, plants, fungi and protists
9.2.1.4. Reproduce sexually or asexually
9.2.2. Functions
9.2.2.1. Yeast infection Malaria
9.2.2.2. We are made of eukaryotic cells so they do everything for us!
9.2.3. Animal and Plant cells are considered eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic: A type of cell that has membrane-bound organelles
9.3. Similarities & Differences
9.3.1. .
10. Endosymbiotic
10.1. 1.5 billions years ago: --Prokaryotes were the only organisms on -Earth- thrived in a variety of ecosystems & extreme environments
10.2. eukaryotic fossils began forming: -complex features - features resembled that of ancient prokaryotes
10.3. -oxygen levels in the atmosphere rose dramatically, -led to extinction of numerous prokaryotic groups ( O2 is highly reactive and can damage cells)
10.4. the idea that a long time ago, prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotic cells by endocytosis - resulted in the first eukaryotic cells.
10.4.1. Mitochondria = membrane-bound organelle that produces energy for cell
10.4.2. Chloroplast = membrane-bound organelle that captures sunlight & uses to make food for ell
10.4.3. Evidence in Support of Endosymbiotic Theory
10.4.3.1. Similarities between mitochondria, chloroplasts, & prokaryotes: 1. Circular DNA and ribosomes 2. Reproduce similarly/binary fission 3. Inner membrane Composition
10.4.3.1.1. 1. Circular DNA and ribosomes - ribosomes have same structure as ancient P
10.4.3.1.2. 2. Reproduce similarly/binary fission - reproduce exactly the same
10.4.3.1.3. 3. Inner membrane Composition - inner membrane include protein