1. Evolutional theorists
1.1. Charles Lyel
1.1.1. Principles of Uniformitarianism
1.1.1.1. -the geological processes operate at the same in the past as it does now. It suggests that
1.1.1.1.1. -slow subtle changes that happen over a long period of time lead to substantial development over time.
1.2. Georges Cuvier
1.2.1. developed Paleontology
1.2.1.1. FOSSILS
1.2.1.1.1. -he study of ancient life through fossils.
1.2.1.1.2. -species are found in particular rock layers
1.2.1.1.3. -new types of species appear and disappear over time
1.2.2. Theory of Catastrophism
1.2.2.1. -natural events like floods and volcanic eruptions killed species living in a region -this allows species from surrounding areas to repopulate
1.2.2.1.1. RESULT
1.3. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
1.3.1. Theory of Acquired Traits
1.3.1.1. -animals over time would acquire traits from their parents,
1.3.1.1.1. EXAMPLE: -giraffes with longer necks to help them reach food would pass that onto their offspring
1.4. Stephen Jay Gould & Niles Eldredge
1.4.1. Punctuated Equilibrium
1.4.1.1. -evolution occurs both gradually and in small punctuated events.
1.4.1.2. -sudden events such can put huge selective pressures on a environment & a population resulting in a quick rate of evolution in a short time frame.
1.4.1.2.1. severe flooding
1.4.1.2.2. volcanic eruption
1.5. Charles Darwin
1.5.1. Natural Selection
1.5.1.1. -populations of living organisms adapt and change to their environment.
1.6. Thomas Malthus
1.6.1. Malthusian growth mode
1.6.1.1. -food production will not be able to keep up with growth in the human population,
1.6.1.1.1. RESULT
2. Natural Selection
2.1. -theory of evolution made by Charles Darwin.
2.2. Survival of the fittest
2.2.1. - organisms best adjusted to their environment are the most successful in surviving and reproducing
2.3. process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change to their environment.
3. Artificial Selection
3.1. process where humans breed different plants & animals together to get a hybrid with specific characteristics.
3.1.1. Positives:
3.1.1.1. *genetic diseases in plants & animals in the future will be eliminated
3.1.1.2. stronger organisms
3.1.2. Negatives:
3.1.2.1. *lack of variety in plant or animal species.
3.1.2.2. Genetic mutations are still going to occur.
3.1.2.3. *can create genetic bottlenecks events.
3.1.2.4. *no guarantee that the desired traits will pass to the offspring.
4. Origins of life
4.1. *first known single-celled organisms appeared on Earth about 3.5 billion years ago
4.2. *earliest life forms were microscopic organisms (microbes)
4.3. *left presence in rocks about 3.7 billion years old.
4.4. *type of carbon molecule that is produced by living things
5. Evidence of Evolution
5.1. Fossil records
5.1.1. *after an organism dies it may turn into a fossil.
5.1.2. *fossil is the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism turned into rock
5.2. Anatomy
5.2.1. *Homologous structures
5.2.1.1. -have similar structural elements and origin but may have different functions.
5.2.2. *vertebrate forelimbs can be used for various functions, such as flying for bats.
5.3. Biogeography
5.3.1. *organism distribution organisms.
5.3.1.1. Organisms that live closely together are more similar than organisms that live far away in similar habitats
5.4. Embryology
5.4.1. *study of pre birth stages of organisms
5.4.2. *used to determine the differences in stages of the embryo devlopment.
5.5. Evidence from DNA
5.5.1. *organisms pass on DNA to their offspring. EXAMPLE: humans and chimpanzees share more similarities than humans and dogs
5.5.2. DNA is the blueprint for organisms.
6. Mechanisms of Evolution
6.1. Adaptation/Mutation:
6.1.1. process where species & organisms adapt & change to there surrounding environments
6.1.2. give them a better survival advantage
6.2. Non random mating
6.2.1. individuals prefer mates with particular superior physical characteristics or by the preference of individuals or similar
6.2.2. Inbreeding
6.2.2.1. 2 closely related organisms mate with each other and produce offspring
6.2.2.1.1. neg - more risk in undesirable genes
6.2.2.1.2. less genetic diversity
6.2.3. Sexual Selection
6.2.3.1. theory of how certain physical characteristics can be used to attract mates
6.2.3.1.1. example - moose with huge antlers will attract more mates
6.3. Genetic drift
6.3.1. Bottleneck effect
6.3.1.1. *sharp decrease in a population due to environmental events.
6.3.1.1.1. EXAMPLE: the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs.
6.3.2. Founder effect
6.3.2.1. *new population may be very different from the original population.
6.3.2.2. *reduction in genetic variation
6.3.2.3. *results when a small subset of a large population is used to establish a new colony.
6.3.3. DNA
6.3.3.1. the molecule that contains the genetic code of organisms
6.4. Gene-flow:
6.4.1. Is the transfer of genetics from one population of species to another population of species.
6.5. Genetics:
6.5.1. Genes
6.5.1.1. *gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity
6.5.1.2. Genes are made up of DNA.
6.5.1.3. genes act as instructions to make molecules called proteins
6.5.2. Alleles
6.5.2.1. *describe a specific copy of a gene.
7. Macroevolution
7.1. Hybrid sterility:
7.1.1. *2 types of species capable of interbreeding breed and make a hybrid species that is healthy but sterile.
7.1.1.1. EXAMPLE: Lion+tiger=Liger.
7.2. Hybrid inviability:
7.2.1. *2 species interbreed & create a hybrid that does not survive past the embryonic stage
7.3. Hybrid breakdown:
7.3.1. *2 species interbreed and create a hybrid that is born weak & often dies early in life.
7.4. Gametic isolation:
7.4.1. *sperm and egg come into contact but they do not produce a zygote.
7.5. Mechanical Isolation:
7.5.1. *2 types of species and organisms cannot reproduce as it is physically impossible.
7.5.1.1. *EXAMPLE: many insects have modifications on their exoskeletons such that the male & female parts are a perfect 'lock-and-key' fit
7.6. Ecological/Habitat Isolation:
7.6.1. *2 species cannot reproduce as they live in entirely different ecosystems and environments.
7.7. Temporal Isolation:
7.7.1. *2 organisms are not able to mate/reproduce due to there mating seasons are at different times of the year or even day
7.7.1.1. EXAMPLE: morning glory opens its flower at sunrise and the cactus opens its flowers at sunset
7.8. Behavioural isolation:
7.8.1. Inability to mate together
7.8.2. due to they do not respond to each populations different mating rituals.
8. Adaptation, Variation & Survival
8.1. Adaptation
8.1.1. Is the process where species & organisms adapt & change to their surrounding environments
8.1.2. better survival advantage
8.2. Mimicry
8.2.1. *type of structural adaptation
8.2.2. harmless species physically resemble a harmful species
8.2.3. predators avoid harmless species
8.3. Variation
8.3.1. *variations within a species are the structural, functional, or physiological
8.3.2. *result of random, heritable mutations in DNA that accumulate over generations.
8.3.3. *interaction with the environment determines whether a variation is + or -
8.4. Selective advantage
8.4.1. *a characteristic of an organism that helps them survive & reproduce.
9. Pathways of Evolution
9.1. Divergent evolution
9.1.1. evolutionary pattern where two species become increasingly different
9.1.2. Adaptive radiation
9.1.2.1. when divergent evolution occurs in rapid succession, or simultaneously, among a number of populations
9.1.3. results in differing selective pressures or genetic drift
9.1.4. 2 closely related species diversify to new habitats
9.2. Coevolution
9.2.1. when two (or more) species reciprocally affect each other’s evolution
9.3. Convergent evolution
9.3.1. evolutionary pattern
9.3.1.1. 2 or more species become increasingly similar in phenotype because similar selective pressures