1. Classical humanism, the revival of Greco-Roman cultures was featured of the Italian Renaissance and a phenomenally that gave the period its distinctly secular stamps.
2. The spread of Protestantism
2.1. Luther’s protest constituted an open revolt against the institutions that for centuries had governed the lives of Western Christian.
2.1.1. Key factor: Between 1518 and 1520 some 300,000 printed copies of Luther’s “Protestant” tea Fr s, sermons and letters circulated throughout Europe.
3. Northern Music
3.1. Since the reformation clearly dominated the religious and social history of the sixteenth century, it also Touched directly and indirectly all forms of artist endeavors.
3.2. Key factor: the chorale a congressional hymn that served to enhance the spirit of on Latin hymns and German folks tunes.
4. Renaissance and reformation
4.1. By the late fifteenth century, the Italian passion for classical humanism had spread to the urban centers of the Netherlands and Germany, as well as to the burgeoning nation-states of England and France.
4.2. While the North absorbed the secular spirit of the issuance Renaissance would be religious: Its twins aims were renewal and reform.
4.3. For two centuries, critics throughout Europe had attacked the wealth, worldliness, an unchecked corruption of the Church of Rome.
5. Raphael
5.1. The second of the great high Renaissance artist was Urbino-born Raphael. Less devoted to scientific speculations than Leonardo.
6. THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE (ca.1300-1600)
6.1. The Renaissance- meaning “rebirth” is the turning point between medieval and modern time
6.2. The age of Renaissance opened with a century of European warfare and devastating plague
7. Early Renaissance Architecture
7.1. Devoted to the principles laid out by the Roman architect and engineer Vitruvius.
7.2. Accordingly, the study of nature and an understanding of its harmonious design put in one touch with the universe.
7.3. Key factor: Rational architecture, reflecting naturals laws, according to the Renaissance theorist, would cultivate rational individuals and harmoniously proportioned buildings would produced ideal citizens.
8. Transition: Medieval to renaissance
8.1. The fourteenth century was a period of transition marked by a number of frantic developments: struggle o survive.
8.2. These phenomena- the Black Death, the Hundred Years’ War and the great schism.
8.2.1. The rise of Constitutional Monarchy- rebellions achieved no immediate reforms, the lower classes had taken a major step toward equality with the rest of society
8.2.2. The Hundred Years’ War- (1337-1453) in Frances the illld of plague famine and civil disturbances were compounded by a war with England that lasted more than hundred years.
8.2.3. Norman conquest the kinds of the England had helped the land in France in situations that chronic resentment amongst the French Thorne occasioned by the death of Charles IV (1294-1328) the last of the males heirs in a long line of French king.
8.2.3.1. The decline of the church- the growth of the European nation states contributed to the weakening of the states competed for influence and authority. The two events that proved most damaging to the prestige of the Catholic Church were the Avignon Papacy (1309-1377)
8.2.3.1.1. Giotto’s New realism- the pioneers in the painting on the eve of the Renaissance was the Florentine artist Giotto (1266-1337). Modeling firm through gradations if the light and shade ( technique known as Chiaroscuro) figures a three-dimensional presence not seen since a Roman time. He focus more in showing Virgen and Jesus.
8.2.3.1.2. New Topic
9. Early Renaissance Art
9.1. The Renaissance produced a flowering in the visual arts rarely matched in the annals of worlds culture.
9.2. Italian Renaissance sets is usually divided into two periods: Early Renaissance ( ca.1400-1490) and high Renaissance (ca. 1490-1520).
9.2.1. Active patronage enhanced the social and financial status of Renaissance artists.
9.2.2. Indeed for the first time in the western history artist came to wield influence as humanist,science and poets.
10. The arts in transition
10.1. Fourteenth-century Europeans manifested an unprecedented preoccupation with differences in class gender and personality. Both in literature and in art, there emerged a new fidelity nature and to personal experience in the every day world.
10.1.1. Boccaccio- the virulencia of the plague and the mood of the mounting despair hurried the Florentine poet and humanist Giovanni Boccaccio-(1313-1375) Italian prose romances and lyric poetry, Boccaccio was also the first biographer of Dante and the author of many Latin treatises and textbook.
10.1.2. The Christine de pisan- (1464-1428) the worlds first feminist writer Christine de pisan. Emerger in France. Daughter of Italian physician, Christine wedded a French nobleman when she was fifteen- medieval women usually married in their miento late teens. Ten years later when her husband died Christine was left to support three children a tasks she met by becoming the first female professional writer.
10.1.3. Chaucer- Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) a contemporary of Boccaccio and Christine de pisan was one of the greatest master off the fourteenth-century vernacular literature. Writing in the everyday language of his time ( Middle English) middle class civil servant a soldier in the Hundred Years’ War a diplomat and a citizen of the bustling city of London.
10.1.4. Key term: feminism- is all the more significant because it occurs in this time. Support to women
11. The are Nova in music
11.1. Imagination and diversity characterized fourteenth-century music, which composers of that era self-consciously labeled the ars nova (new art). The music of the are nova featured increased rhythmic complexity and aural expressiveness achieved in part by isorhythm (same rhythm)
11.1.1. In France, the leading proponent of the ars nova was the French poet priest and composer Guillaume de Machaut (1399-1377)
11.1.2. Messe de Notre Dame Mass of our lady ca.1350. Departing from the medieval tradition of treating the mass as five separate compositions
11.1.3. Machaut’s sacred compositions represent only a small part of his total musical output.
11.1.3.1. Key terms
11.1.3.2. Ars nova - new art
11.1.3.3. Isorhythm- sane rhythm
11.1.3.4. Ballades - secular song
12. The Italian Renaissance
12.1. The new realism in the arts increasing the secularism and the spirit of criticism that accompanied the decline of the church
12.2. In the fourteenth-century Florence, shopkeepers devised a practical system of tracking debits and credits.
12.3. The pursuit of money and leisure, rather than a preoccupation with feudal and chivalric obligations marked the lifestyle of merchants and artisans who lived in the challenged canonical source of authority of wealth.
12.4. Renaissance Italy had much in common with Ancient Greece. Independent and disunited the city-states of Italy like those of ancient Greece.
13. The Medici
13.1. Italian Renaissance cities were ruled by members of the petty nobility, by mercenary general or as in the case of Florence and Venice by wealthy middle class families.
13.2. The Medici merchant princes specially cosimo (1389-1464) and Lorenzo the magnificent
13.2.1. For almost two centuries, scholars, poets, painters, and civic leaders shared common interests, acknowledging one another as leaders of a vigorous cultural revival.
14. Renaissance Humanism
14.1. Renaissance humanities advocate the recovery and uncensored stud of the entire body of Greek and Latin manuscript and the self-conscious imitation of classical art and architectureZ the regarded classical authority not exclusively as means of clarifying Christian truths but as the basis for a new appraisals of the role of the individuals in the works orders.
15. Ficion: the platonic academy
15.1. The effort to recovery, copy and produce accurate edition of Classical writings dominated the early history of the Renaissance in Italy. By the middle of the fifteenth century almost all the major Greek and Latin manuscript of antiquity were available to scholars.
15.2. Greek manuscript and Byzantine scholars poured in 1453, Into Italy contributing to the efflorescence of what the humanists philosopher Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) called a “Golden Age”.
15.3. Plato’s writings- especially domains of arts and literature. Plato’s writings- especially the symposium, the dialog in which loves is exalted as a divine forced advanced idea popularized by Ficino, the platonic (spiritual) love attracts the soul to God.
16. Petrarch “Father Of Humanism”
16.1. The most famous of the early Florentine humanists was the poet and scholar Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
16.2. Patrarch’s constants to the corrupt Latin of his own time. Monastic libraries, borrowing others from friends and gradually amassing a private library of more than 200 volumes.
16.3. Petrarch’s letters reveal the profound influences of Augustines confession a work that Petrarch deeply admired.
16.3.1. In his writings there is a gnawing and unresolved dissonance between between the dual imperative of Judeo- Christian will to believe and the classical will to reason.
16.3.2. Rome 1341, he proudly received the laurel crown for outstanding literary achievement. The traditional, which looks back to the Ancient Greek practice of honoring victors in the athletics games with wreaths made from the foliage of the laurel tree survivors in our modern honorary title “poet laureate”
16.3.3. To Laura, Petrarch’s affection and the inspiration for the canzoniere was a married Florentine woman named Laura de Seda