1. ETIOLOGY
1.1. 2010
1.1.1. In 1993, according to Padilla (2010), “it indicates that in the national population census, some 600,000 thousand people suffered from some type of serious disability, that is, 1.9% of the population at that time”.
1.2. 2011
1.2.1. The Integral Information System of social protection (SISPRO, 2011), says “In 2011, the main cause associated with disability was general illness (44.78%), followed by accidents (17.28%) and genetic and hereditary alteration (15.09%) ”.
1.2.2. Abellán, Esparza, Castejón and Pérez, 2011; Guzmán-Suárez, 2013; Virues-Ortega
1.2.2.1. They affirm that sociodemographic changes mark the trend of population aging
1.3. 2016
1.3.1. World Health Organization (WHO) "states that 15% of the world's population suffers from some form of disability and have considerable difficulties in functioning."
2. Health conditions - such as decreased quality of life, restrictions and limitations.
2.1. They can raise the disability status in the population.
2.2. Another closely related binomial is Disability-poverty.
2.2.1. The World Bank estimates that they represent 15-20% of the poorest in developing countries.
2.2.1.1. Being among the most disadvantaged groups that suffer the greatest discrimination and vulnerability (Martínez Ríos, 2013).
2.2.1.1.1. The United Nations (UN) cited by (Muñoz, 2011; Ferrante, 2010), mentions that these people are in an inferior position, simply because they have disabilities.
3. It is important to clarify that the conception of disability as a term depends on the sociocultural context and approach in which it is assumed.
3.1. DEFINITIONS
3.1.1. Says Altman, (2014) “Regarding disability, it has become a word almost without meaning, because it has been used to represent different aspects of the process”.
3.1.2. The authors Chen, Jacobsen, Deshmukh, & Cantor (2015) and Botero (2013) refer to a close relationship between acute or chronic disease and disability, physically or mentally reducing the condition of the person in the short or long term.
3.1.3. (Bampi, Guilhem, Alves, 2010) He says that Disability is the expression of the bodily limitation of people within a social exchange.
4. IN THE PAST ...
4.1. Plato 459a.c said:
4.1.1. “That the principle has already been granted that the best of each sex must unite frequently, and the physically handicapped, regardless of the magnitude of the disability at birth, would be taken by the competent authorities to take them to the nursery, and there they will remain in the hands of some nurses who live in separate rooms ”.
4.2. In the time of ancient Greece (4th century BC)
4.2.1. Melgar (1987) said that death occurred to newborns who suffered from certain malformations or physical weaknesses that were evident.
5. SIGNIFICANT LEGISLATIVE PROGRESS AND GUIDELINES
5.1. 1948
5.1.1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was issued.
5.2. 1955
5.2.1. The International Program for the Rehabilitation of the Physically Handicapped was approved
5.3. 1971
5.3.1. The United Nations General Assembly
5.3.1.1. Through Resolution 2856, he proclaimed the Declaration of the Rights of the Mentally Retarded.
5.4. 1975
5.4.1. In its Resolution 3447, it adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Disabled Persons.
5.5. 1980
5.5.1. WHO approved the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps.
5.5.1.1. (ICIDH-1) was the subject of severe criticism in the field of disability, since the language used in the single term disability was already pejorative and unfair.
5.5.1.1.1. The international classification of functioning (ICF) appears to be the representation of the most significant advance in terms of understanding of health and disability globally as mentioned by Threats, (2010); Le et al. (2014).
5.6. 1982
5.6.1. In Resolution 37/52, the United Nations launched the Global Action Program for Disabled Persons.
5.7. 1983
5.7.1. The International Labor Organization (ILO) launched Convention 159, On Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Disabled Persons
6. MODELS
6.1. MEDICAL-INDIVIDUALISTIC MODEL
6.1.1. BODY-DISEASE
6.1.2. Fatalistic vision centered on the person with a disability, assumed the problem as a particular correction of the individual to be able to adapt to society (functionality) but not a problem of the same limited context that deprives the person of opportunities (capacities).
6.1.3. The medical model (Biomedical), disability a problem of the individual that is directly caused by a disease and needs medical care or some form of treatment and rehabilitation
6.1.3.1. (Hart, 2012)
6.1.4. The main objective is to improve the management of disability by providing a “cure”.
6.1.4.1. The treatment of the disability is aimed at obtaining said cure or a better adaptation of the person or a change in their behavior.
6.1.4.2. Enwereji, (2015)
6.2. SOCIAL MODEL
6.2.1. In this model, disability is no longer an attribute of the person but the result of social relationships.
6.2.2. The positive consequence is the influence on the creation of social and legislative policies against discrimination against people with disabilities.
6.2.3. The materialist theories of Finkelstein, Oliver and Abberley, feminist theory (JennyMorris) and various authors framed in post-modern currents.
6.2.4. Mitigating it requires transforming the social environment and norms.
6.2.4.1. Winance (2016)
6.2.4.2. Maldonado (2013)
6.2.4.3. Toboso et al. (2010)
6.2.4.4. Julia Mosquera, (2015)
6.2.4.5. Lars Gronvik, (2008)
6.2.4.6. Minarik & Katz, (2013)
6.2.4.7. They express that disability should be seen as a deficiency strictly linked to the physical, economic and political context.
6.3. BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL
6.3.1. Under a great model of social inclusion, which shows us the focus on two domains, interpersonal relationships and community participation.
6.3.1.1. The holistic idea of analyzing human beings in terms of health states.
6.3.1.1.1. ICF - Children and Youth (ICF-CY) Koutsogeorgou et al. (2012)
6.3.2. In this context, it is valid that health is understood as the absence of any psychological or social alteration, to determine the state of disease / disability of an individual and their complete state of well-being.
6.3.2.1. According to Hoover, García, Maritza, & Obando, (2007)
6.3.3. It seeks to integrate elements of the rehabilitative medical model and the social model
6.3.3.1. According to Ferrante (2010)
6.4. FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY MODEL
6.4.1. The partial or total lack of a member, or the possession of a member, organ or mechanism of the body that has a different Functioning.
6.4.2. DISABILITY
6.4.2.1. It emphasizes their difference or diversity, values that enrich the world in which we live Romañach & Lobato (2005).
6.4.3. Model born in 2006
6.4.3.1. In Spain by the authors Palacios and Romaña Chacón - Vision based on the Human Rights of people with functional diversity.
6.4.3.1.1. Independent Living Forum
6.4.4. In 2010 studies
6.4.4.1. It was stated that people with functional diversity have historically been reduced to the condition of expendable, precarious, imperfect, insignificant and without capacities (AV and Díaz, 2010).
7. REFERENCE
7.1. Vasquez Morales, A., & Neira Linares, C. G. (2020). Concepto de discapacidad : Historia y reflexiones paracolombia. Movimiento Científico, 14 (1), [pgIn]-[pgOut]. Obtenido de: https://revmovimientocientifico.ibero. edu.co/article/view/1769
7.1.1. PRESENTED BY ANGIE CAROLINA PASCAGAZA CELY