1. SOCIAL FEMINIST GROUPS
1.1. believed autonomy was necessary to raise issues
1.2. TASK
1.2.1. raise feminist issues in mass organisation
1.3. lack of ideological homogeneity
1.4. STRI SANGHARSH- DELHI FEMINIST GROUP - 1979
1.4.1. Minority expulsion, but anti-expulsionists won
1.5. MAHILA DAKSHATA SAMITI- 1977
1.5.1. founded by socialist women in coalition Janata party
1.5.2. the only party based women's organisation in late 70s
1.6. DELHI FEMINIST GROUPS(Samta , Stri sangharsh)
1.6.1. developed out of DU and JNU based feminists
1.6.2. not party affiliated
1.7. FIRST FEMINIST GROUPS IN BOMBAY
1.7.1. Members from far left
1.7.2. civic liberties organisations, trade org.
1.7.3. revolutionary groups
1.7.4. small affiliations to parties
1.8. National congress of socialist feminist groups- 1978, BOMBAY
1.8.1. Feminist magazine
1.8.1.1. for consciousness raising( Delhi)
1.8.1.2. bulletin for activists(Bombay)
1.8.2. three-tier heirarchy
1.8.2.1. theory generators
1.8.2.2. activists
1.8.2.3. subjects of attention
1.9. stri Shakti sangathana - Hydreabad (late 70s)
1.10. TELANGANA MOVEMENT- Renewed
1.10.1. wave of agitation1979- first Mahila sangam- Kodurupaka- 150 members
1.11. 1980 Conference- Bombay
1.11.1. debated on the role of feminist groups
1.12. FEMINIST ISSUES IN BODHGAYA, BIHAR
1.12.1. raised by Chhartra Yuva Sangharsh Vahini
1.12.1.1. influenced by JP
1.12.1.2. 1980 pamphlet- Aurat
1.13. JP's concept of TOTAL REVOLUTION
1.13.1. propagated in 1974
1.13.2. three thesis
1.13.2.1. individuals will change only if society changes
1.13.2.2. society will change only if individuals change
1.13.2.3. the relationship between men, men ; men , women and women, women need to change
1.14. Problems faced by feminists
1.14.1. women were looked as objects of sexual desire than subjects
1.14.2. question relation b/w activism and self - fulfillment
1.15. The 2 campaigns that brought the contemorary feminit movt
1.15.1. campaigns against dowry death and rape
2. HINDU CODE BILL
2.1. feminists of 30s raised issues
2.2. opposed by congress men incl. Dr. Rajendra Prasad
2.3. BN Rao committee
2.3.1. 1944 draft, no further action
2.4. BR Ambedkar committee
2.4.1. raised age of consent and marriage
2.4.2. gave women rights to
2.4.2.1. divorce
2.4.2.2. maintenance and inheritance
2.4.2.3. treated dowry as stridhan
2.5. Nehru stalled the bill until 1955 -56
2.5.1. sections-passed as 4 acts
2.5.1.1. 1.Hindu Marriage Act
2.5.1.2. 2. Hindu Succession Act
2.5.1.3. 3. Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act
2.5.1.4. 4. Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act
3. KISAN SABHA
3.1. led rallies, strikes and demonstrations
3.1.1. criticizing govt
3.1.2. demanded land reforms
3.2. 1948-50- TELANGANA MOVEMENT, Andhra Pradesh
3.2.1. under leadership of Maoist influenced CPI members
3.2.2. 2500 villages in Telangana district liberated
3.2.3. September 1948,
3.2.3.1. indian troops took over
3.2.3.2. peasant leaders arrested
3.2.3.3. fired upon demonstrators
3.2.3.4. cpi outlawed
3.2.3.5. guerilla tactics
4. SHIFT IN POLICY
4.1. Reason: Struggles within CPI
4.2. emphasis on working class agitation
4.3. 1951- called off telangana movement
5. BHOODAN MOVEMENT
5.1. Started by Vinobha Bhave
5.1.1. initially sarvodaya
5.2. vision
5.2.1. to persuade landlords to donate land to the landless
5.3. was not successful in Andhra pradesh, but succeeded in Bihar
5.4. 1955 Bihar, Jai Prakash Narayan - joined
5.5. Uttarakhand also
6. WOMEN'S ANTI- ALCOHOL AGITATION
6.1. early sixties
6.2. led by Sunderlal Bahuguna
6.3. Mira behen, Sarala behen
6.4. fasting in protest against alcoholism
6.5. Emphasis
6.5.1. focused on action against manufactures and sellers of alcohol
6.6. could not banish neither alcohol nor alcoholism from the area
7. THE SIXTIES
7.1. Sino-Soviet split
7.2. 1962
7.2.1. war between India and China
7.2.1.1. polarised the communists
7.3. 1964
7.3.1. CPI split
7.3.2. CPI-M : Communist Party of India- Marxist was formed
7.3.2.1. regarded as pro-China
7.4. 1967
7.4.1. Communists dominated coalition govts formed in West Bengal and Kerala
8. THE AGRICULTURAL TENET'S MOVEMENT
8.1. landlord's holdings- forcibly occupied
8.2. organised under kisan samitis
8.3. Began in Naxalbari village, Bihar
8.3.1. liberated zone
8.4. spread to Bengal also
8.5. Reactions
8.5.1. New movements
8.5.1.1. BIHAR
8.5.1.1.1. sharecroppers movt
8.5.1.1.2. led by AK Roy
8.5.1.1.3. liberated zones in Dhanbad district
8.5.1.1.4. set up communes
8.5.1.2. ANDHRA PRADESH
8.5.1.2.1. Second wave of Telangana movt.
8.5.1.2.2. women active participants
8.5.1.3. KERALA
8.5.1.3.1. malabar
8.5.1.3.2. Red Army Base- Maoist
8.6. Media and State called them Naxalites
8.6.1. terrorist ideology
8.6.2. reason: 1966-67, Indian Maoist movt
8.6.2.1. annihilation line
9. RADICAL LEFT
9.1. 1969- 70- Maoist came together to form CPI-ML- Communist party of India- marxist- leninist
9.2. 1972- myth of 'armed encounter'
9.3. Early seventies
9.4. movement broke into small fragments
9.5. Reason: doubt in earlier analysis of revolution process
9.6. Led to
9.6.1. bitter intrafeuds
9.6.2. development of new ideas and movements
9.6.2.1. emphasis
9.6.2.1.1. culture
9.6.2.1.2. gender
9.6.2.1.3. caste
9.6.2.1.4. tribe
10. SOCIALIST MOVEMENTS
10.1. new ideas and movements developed
10.1.1. nature of state and revolution
10.1.2. environment
10.1.3. trade unionism
10.1.4. gender
10.2. Interesting Feminist movements
10.2.1. MAHARASHTRA
10.2.1.1. Shahada movement
10.2.1.2. anti- price rise agitations
10.2.2. GUJARAT
10.2.2.1. SEWA
10.2.2.2. Nav nirman
11. SHAHADA MOVEMENT
11.1. Dhulia district , Maharashtra
11.2. tribal bhil landless labourer's movement
11.3. against extortionate prices of non-tribal landlords who treated the tribal people as sub-human
11.4. ameliorated by Ambarsingh
11.4.1. Adivasi seva mandal- 1977
11.5. formation of Gram Swarajya Samiti
11.6. MASS LINE
11.6.1. Guiding principle of action
11.6.2. criticism against Naxalites
11.7. Sharmik Sangathana
11.7.1. formed in 1972
11.7.2. 1972-73 famine and drought led to rapid growth of the movement
11.7.3. struggle against land alienation
11.7.4. managed to get famine relief work from govt
11.7.4.1. through gheraos and satyagraha
11.8. ROLE OF WOMEN
11.8.1. Most militant role
11.8.2. they led
11.8.2.1. demonstration
11.8.2.2. invented and shouted militant slogans
11.8.2.3. sang revolutionary songs
11.8.2.4. mobilised masses
11.8.2.5. persuaded men to join sharmik sangathana
11.8.3. proved to be more adamant than men
11.8.4. women's militancy developed
11.8.4.1. they raised gender based issues
11.8.4.2. questioned their oppression as a sex
11.8.5. questioned the problem of wife beating
11.8.5.1. led to anti alcohol agitation
11.8.5.1.1. late 1972
11.8.5.2. sharmik sangathana organised a women's shibir camp
11.8.6. women's Kharamkheda(battalion) led by Mira Savara and Sujata Gotoskar
11.8.6.1. women marched together and broke liquor pots in the liquor den
11.8.6.2. questioned inspector why the liquor dens were not yet closed
11.8.6.3. women grouped together and beat the men in public who beat their wives after getting drunk and forced them to apologise
11.9. Claimed by feminists
12. ANTI ALCOHOL AGITATION AND SHAHADA - DIFFERENCE
12.1. SHAHADA
12.1.1. Relied primarily on material punishment
12.1.2. focused mainly on direct attack to wife beaters
12.1.3. Anti- patriarchal sentiments were expressed
12.2. Anti Alcohol agitation
12.2.1. Relied largely on shaming the vendor and arousing his bitter feelings
12.2.1.1. through non violent satyagraha
12.2.2. saw alcohol as the chief evil
12.2.3. anti- patriarchal feelings remained dormant
12.3. general differences
12.3.1. difference in time between the movements
12.3.2. difference in attitude towards women
12.3.2.1. one was traditional caste society and one was tribal society
12.3.3. difference in methods and attitudes
12.3.4. difference in social structure
12.3.5. difference in ideology
12.3.6. social differences
13. SEWA
13.1. SELF EMPLOYED WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION
13.2. Ahmedabad, Gujarat
13.3. first attempt at women's trade union
13.4. by Gandhian socialists attached to Textile Labour Association (TLA)
13.5. formed in 1972 by Ela Bhatt
13.6. organisation of women who worked in different trades in the informal structure
13.6.1. common experiances
13.6.1.1. extremely low earnings
13.6.1.2. very poor working conditions
13.6.1.3. harassment from those in authority
13.6.1.4. lack of recognition of their work as socially useful labour
13.7. AIM
13.7.1. to improve these working conditons through
13.7.1.1. training
13.7.1.2. technical aids
13.7.1.3. collective bargaining
13.7.1.4. introduce members to values
13.8. got registered after much struggle to the Indian trade union
13.9. criticized by feminists, maintained distance from feminists
14. UNITED WOMEN'S ANTI- PRICE RISE FRONT
14.1. Cause: Rise in price in urban areas, after famine in 1972
14.2. Formed by Mrinal Gore of Socialist Party and Ahilya Ranganekar of CPI-M -1973
14.3. MOTIVE
14.3.1. To mobilize women against inflation
14.4. became a mass movement for consumer protection
14.5. PROTESTS
14.5.1. demonstrations against price rises
14.5.2. emasculation of MPs
14.5.3. warehouse raids where hoarding was prevalent
14.6. 1974, Gujarat
14.6.1. came to be known as the NAV NIRMAN Movement
14.6.1.1. All out criticism of the Indian State
14.6.1.2. protests
14.6.1.2.1. mass hunger strikes
14.6.1.2.2. mock courts, mock funerals
14.6.1.2.3. prabhat pheris
14.6.1.3. 90 to 100 people were killed during protests
14.6.1.4. Influenced by Jai Prakash Narayan's concept of TOTAL REVOLUTION
14.6.1.5. Arguments
14.6.1.5.1. fight to reform and limit state power
14.6.1.5.2. that rajniti had become corrupt and decayed
14.6.1.5.3. time for lokniti had come
15. POW
15.1. PROGRESSIVE ORGANISATION OF WOMEN, Hyderabad
15.2. First women's group of the contemporary feminist movement
15.3. comprising women from the Maoist movement
15.4. attempted a holistic analysis through its manifesto
15.5. made the idea of feminism and equality explicit
15.6. two primary structure of women's oppression
15.6.1. sexual division of labour
15.6.2. culture which rationalized the sexual division of labour
15.7. conditions for women's liberation
15.7.1. attack on economic dependence
15.7.2. spreading ideology of equality
16. FEMINIST ACTIVITIES IN MAHARASHTRA(1975)
16.1. UN declared 1975 as International Women's year
16.2. Purogami Stri Sangathana formed by Maoist women in PUNE
16.3. Stri Mukti Sangathana in BOMBAY
16.4. March 8, International Women's day
16.4.1. celebrated for the first time in India
16.5. Lal Nishan Party- special issue on party paper
16.6. August: Sadhana social magazine
16.6.1. special women's number
16.7. September: Dalits and socialist
16.7.1. organised conference of devadasis
16.8. October: United Women's Liberation Struggle- Pune
16.9. Janwedana- special women's number
16.9.1. entitled "In the Third World Women Hold Up Half the Sky"
16.10. Formation of MAHILA SAMTA SAINIK DAL
16.10.1. Saw religion as a major agent of oppression on women and Dalits
16.10.2. caste system as source of inequality in India
16.10.3. Manifesto drew parallels between caste oppression and oppression of women
16.11. Declaration of Emergency - 1975
16.11.1. led to break in the development of fledging women's movt.
17. NEW WOMEN'S GROUP
17.1. Cause
17.1.1. Lifting of Emergency - 1977
17.1.2. Formation of Janata Govt. - 1978
17.2. Formed all over the country, mainly in major cities
17.3. Characteristics
17.3.1. Declared themselves to be feminists
17.3.2. insisted on being autonomous
17.3.3. rapidly built networks among eachother
17.3.4. attempts at self definition