1. Free morphemes
1.1. Lexical morphemes
1.1.1. Nouns: cat, automobile, flower, sadness, pet, chair, house
1.1.2. Verbs: run, understand, love, approach
1.1.3. Adjectives: brilliant, awful, kind, timid
1.1.4. Adverbs: sometimes, never, hopefully, carefully
1.2. Grammatical morphemes
1.2.1. Demostratives: that, these, those
1.2.2. Articles: a/an, the
1.2.3. Prepositions: with, from, under, on
1.2.4. Auxiliary verbs: to be, to have, will, can
1.2.5. Pronouns: their, mine, he, she, us
1.2.6. Conjuctions: after, just, yet, neither/nor, as, where
2. Bound morphemes
2.1. Bound roots
2.1.1. E.g. re- + -ceive= receive re- + -duce = reduce -mit in permit, submit, admit char- + -ity = charity
2.2. Afixes
2.2.1. Position in words
2.2.1.1. Afixes
2.2.1.1.1. E.g. re- in restructure dis- in disarm, dislike ex- in exhunter mis- in misunderstood in- in independence
2.2.1.2. Infixes
2.2.1.2.1. (None in English) Example from Togalog language: ''bili'' which means in English ''to buy'' (infix) -ni- in ''binili'' - which means in English ''bought''
2.2.1.3. Suffixes
2.2.1.3.1. E.g. -al in professional -ism in racism, terrorism -ship in relationship, friendship -tion in pronunciation -sion in admission
2.2.2. Function
2.2.2.1. Derivational
2.2.2.1.1. E.g. un- + attractive (adj.) = unattractive (adj.) -al + condition(n) = conditional (adj.) -ment + move (v) = movement (n)
2.2.2.2. Inflectional
2.2.2.2.1. E.g. s (Third-person singular marker of the verb in the present tense: She speaks 's (Possessive marker): John's dog -er (comparative marker): smarter, cuter, kinder, faster -est (Superlative marker): smartest, cutest, kindest, fastest. -ed (Regular past tense marker): studied, worked, smoked -s (Regular plural marker): cars, girls, issues, apples -en (Past participle marker): spoken, eaten, written -ing (Present participle marker): smoking, eating, writting, speaking
3. Roots
3.1. E.g. Attractive = attract (root) + -ive active = act (root) + -ive book, sun, kind
4. Stem
4.1. E.g. reader= read(steam) + -er speaks = speak (stem) + -s readability = readable ( stem) + -ity construction = construct (stem) + -ion
5. General morfological processes
5.1. Affixiation
5.1.1. E.g. -ty in casualty -less in nameless, useless pre- in preposition im- in impatient, impartial -ion in complexion
5.2. Compounding
5.2.1. Open
5.2.1.1. E.g. lit up; pumpkin seed; sweet potato; baking tray; ice cream; peanut butter rolling pin, mixing bowl,
5.2.2. Hyphenated
5.2.2.1. E.g. sister-in-law; well-being; literal-minded; make-up (UK); check-in
5.2.3. Solid
5.2.3.1. E.g. brokenhearted = broken and hearted housekeeper = house and keeper bookstore = book and store cookbook = cook and book eggplant = egg and plant soybeans = soy and beans
5.3. Symbolism
5.3.1. E.g. (sing.) foot /fʊt/ and (plur.) feet /fit/ blow /bloʊ/ and (past p.) blown /floʊn/ (sing.) knife /naif/ and (plur.) knives /naivz/ (sing.) phenomenon /fəˈnɑː.mə.nɑːn/ and (plur.)phenomena /fəˈnɑː.mə.nə/
5.4. Reduplication
5.4.1. Complete or total reduplication
5.4.1.1. E.g. yum-yum fifty-fifty bye-bye knock-knock blah-blah
5.4.2. Partial reduplication
5.4.2.1. E.g. walkie-talkie willy-nilly zig-zag tick-tock abra-cadabra okey-dokey
6. Word formation processes
6.1. Acronymy
6.1.1. Acronyms which are pronounced as a word
6.1.1.1. E.g. FIA = International Automobile Federation UNICEF = United Nations Iternational Children's Emergency Fund AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
6.1.2. Acrononyms which are pronounced as sequences of letters
6.1.2.1. E.g. UN = The United Nations ICPO = International Criminal Police Organization NFL = The National Football League
6.2. Clipping
6.2.1. E.g. lab = laboratory bra = brassier piano = pianoforte phone = telephone flu= influenza burger = hamburger
6.3. Blending
6.3.1. E.g sporstcast= 'sport' 'broadcast' smog = 'smoke' 'fog' Spanglish = 'Spanish' 'English' Brexit = 'British' 'exit'
6.4. Borrowing
6.4.1. E.g. croissant (French word) al dente (Italian word) piano (Italian word) utensil (French word: ustensile) opera (Italian word)
6.5. Back formation
6.5.1. E.g. television (n) - drop the suffix -ion = televis = televis + -ise= televise (v) action (n) - drop the suffix -ion = act (v) babysitter (n) - babysit (v)
6.6. Word coinage
6.6.1. E.g. Kleenex -- Facial issue Google -- Web search Band-aid -- Plaster
6.7. Functional shift
6.7.1. E.g Call(v) me tomorrow. That was a quick call(n).
6.7.1.1. Voicing of final consontant sounds
6.7.1.1.1. E.g. Nouns: Verbs: advice /-s/ advise /-z/ thief /-f/ thieve /-v/
6.7.1.2. Shift of stress and vowel reduction
6.7.1.2.1. E.g. Nouns: Verbs: contest /kon′test/ contest /kən test′/ resit /ˌriːˈsæt/ resit /rɪˈzɪst/ advert /ˈæd.vɝːt/ advert / ad vûrt′/
6.7.1.3. Other Cases of Conversion
6.7.1.3.1. Conversion to noun
6.7.1.3.2. Conversion to verb
6.7.1.3.3. Conversion to adjectives from nouns
6.8. Morphological Misanalysis
6.8.1. E.g. ''take it for granited'' from 'take it for granted' ''beach' from 'bitch' -burger : cheeseburger, steakburger
6.9. Eponymy
6.9.1. E.g. Darwinism - Charles Darwin pausterization - Louis Pasteur narcissistic – Narcissus nicotine - Jean Nicot volcano - Vulcan