1. over and under population
1.1. under population
1.1.1. A situation in which there are too few people to realize the economic potential of an area or support its population's standard of living.
1.2. overpopulation
1.2.1. Overpopulation occurs when there are too many people living in an area for the resources which are available.
2. reasons for high birth & death rates
2.1. high birth rates
2.1.1. cultural & social reasons
2.1.1.1. the greater the number of children a man has the greater his prestige
2.1.1.2. a desire for the son to carry the family name
2.1.1.3. people have children to ensure that they are looked after in their old age
2.1.1.4. in polygamous societies a man many have children with more than one wife
2.1.1.5. in some places girls marry and start giving birth at a young age
2.1.2. religious reasons
2.1.2.1. some religions oppose any form of contraception
2.1.3. economic reasons
2.1.3.1. parents in LEDCs have children to help them provide for the family
2.2. high death rates
2.2.1. war
2.2.2. natural disasters
2.2.3. high crime rate
2.2.4. poor health care
3. factors affecting population change
3.1. urbanisation
3.1.1. as farming methods change and fewer people are needed to work on the land, many rural people move to urban areas to work
3.2. changing farming methods
3.3. education and women
3.3.1. as more women stay in education longer, they get married and starting having kids later, usually having few children as a result. Educated women also known more about birth control, so they can limit their families more effectively
4. problems of rapid population growth
4.1. harder to maintain sustainable growth
4.2. difficulty feeding everyone (causing famine)
4.3. can't afford to provide enough schools and teachers
4.4. difficulties in providing good healthcare for the population
5. key words
5.1. - birth rate
5.2. - death rate
5.3. - dependency ratio
5.4. - infant mortality rate
5.5. - life expectancy
5.6. - natural increase
5.7. - total fertility rate
5.8. - demographic data
5.9. - population structure
5.10. - DTM
5.11. - economically active
5.12. - elderly dependants
6. the demographic transition model
6.1. stage 1
6.1.1. high birth rate, high death rate cause a low natural increase. population doesn't increase much
6.2. stage 2
6.2.1. death rate starts to fall (improved medicine, cleaner water), birth rate stays high, high natural increase.
6.3. stage 3
6.3.1. death rate still falling, birth rate starts to fall (contraceptive is introduced), slight increase in population
6.4. stage 4
6.4.1. death rate remains low, birth rate remains low, little to no natural increase
6.5. stage 5
6.5.1. death rate goes up slightly because more of the population is elderly, birth rate remains low, a decline in population
7. population pyramids
7.1. Population pyramids are graphs that show population structures, ie how many males and females of different age groups are in the population in each place. Population structures change from place to place and over time. The population pyramids for the countries below are different shapes.
8. case studies
8.1. population pyramid
8.1.1. Kenya population pyramid The pyramid for Kenya has a very wide base. This means that there is a high proportion of young people. The top is quite narrow which means there are fewer people in the older age groups. This type of pyramid is more likely to occur in a developing country where birth rates are generally higher. What does this mean? A wide base means there are lots of young people, and suggests a high birth rate. A narrow base means a smaller proportion of young people, suggesting a low birth rate. A wide middle, tall pyramid means an ageing population, suggesting that there is a long life expectancy.
8.2. under population
8.2.1. Canada is regarded as an underpopulated country as the carrying capacity is much higher than the current population. Problems of under population in Canada: Labour shortage: 32% of Canadian employers are encountering difficulties in hiring workers due to a lack of applicants, services close down as there are not enough customers, less innovation and development, difficulties in defending the country. Solutions: relaxing immigrant policies and visa requirements to encourage migration, support to increase the birth rate