1. Cuneiform and the Sumerians
1.1. Knowledge about the Sumerians.
1.1.1. A theocratic culture ruled by a priest king.
1.1.1.1. Skilled artisans who created cases, bowls, and other types of pottery.
1.1.1.1.1. Music seemed to be an important part in their life.
1.2. Cuneiform
1.2.1. Why?: To keep track of the business transaction
1.2.1.1. Where?: It was written on clay tablets.
1.2.1.1.1. How?: Wet clay; used wedge shaped stylus made from reeds to make impressions into the clay; lay in the sun.
2. History of the Computer.
2.1. Konrad Zuse?
2.1.1. Credited for creating the first freely programmable computer.
2.2. Mark computers? Designed by Howard Riek and Grace Hopper.
2.2.1. Used by the Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations.
2.3. Univac? First commercial computer
2.3.1. Designed by John Preseper Eckert and John Mauckly.
2.3.1.1. Universal Automatic Computer.
2.4. First computer game? Spacewar.
2.5. Computer mouse? Created by Douglas Engelbert. Inspired because He got bored with how they were dealing with the computer.
2.6. First Internet. ARPANET. Developed by Robert Metacalfe and Xerox.
2.6.1. Developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers.
2.7. IBM? International Business Machines.
2.7.1. Floppy Disk.
2.8. MS-DOS? Introduced by Bill Gates and Microsoft. It is a Computer operating system.
2.9. Apple?
2.9.1. 1983 Computer...Lisa
2.9.1.1. Lisa: Personal computer with a gui.
3. Gutenburg Press
3.1. Johannes Gutenburg? Created the first modern book printing.
3.1.1. What is the Printing Press? Hand Press Ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable handset letters held within a wooden frame.
3.1.1.1. His Inspiration? Screw-Type for pressing grapes and olive seeds.
3.1.1.1.1. First Book printed? Bible.
3.2. Four Major Printing?
3.2.1. 1. Relied Printing. [[Oldest method of printing.]] 2. Intaglio. [[Printmaking. Image area is etched into the plate surface to hold the ink.]] 3. Porous. [[Basic stencil process.]] 4. Lithography. [[Planographic, printing from a flat surface.]]
3.3. First movable type? China. It was carved with Metal.
4. The Codax and the Illuminated Manuscript.
4.1. Two ways they were created. With a long continuous piece of Papyrus. Separate sheets glued together at the edges.
4.1.1. Simply rolls up or Wooden poles at the sides.
4.2. Codax?
4.2.1. Covered and bound collection of pages
4.2.1.1. Advantage? Compactness, sturdiness and ease of reference. More portable, can open flat at any page. Easier to organize [Title on side]
5. Linotype Machine.
5.1. Clephane. He wanted to find an easier way to transcribe his notes and legal briefs and to produce multiple copies.
5.2. Christopher Sholes. Created the first successful machine.
5.3. White Keys? Uppercase. Black Keys? Lowercase. Blue Keys? Punctuation, digits, small capital letters fixed with spaces.
5.3.1. Keyboard. 90-Character keyboard. No ‘Shift’ key, so there were separate uppercase letters from the lowercase letters. Organized by most frequently used letters on the left, Blacks keys for lowercase were on the left, White keys for the uppercase was on the right, Blue keys were in the middle for punctuation, digits, small capital letters and fixed with spaces.
5.3.1.1. Slug? Assembled line of type that is cast as a single piece.
5.3.1.1.1. How did the Linotype create a justified line of text? Space band.
6. Cave Paintings: Beautiful, detailed and colorful representations found on the inside of cave walls and ceilings.
6.1. Reasons...?
6.1.1. 1. Retell stories or events that already happened.
6.1.1.1. 2. Instructional aid or help for hunting techniques.
6.1.1.1.1. 3. Magical or religious reasons that if a painting was made for the distant future it would come true.
6.2. Famous Caves.
6.2.1. Lascaux, France: Shut down because of the damage towards the cave paintings [ the carbon dioxide emitted from people, 1963 ]
6.2.1.1. Altamira, Spain: Has a red hue due to the red clay in the cave. Shut down for the same reason as the Lascaux cave in France. Discovered by Mercelino Sanz de Sautuola & his daughter, Maria
6.2.1.1.1. Chauret Pant’d Arc: Oldest cave painting site. Different from the other cave sites because it has a 3 dimensional appearance, from the etching and scratches around the drawings along with the cave walls being scraped clean from any debris. Discovered by Eliette Brunell Deschamps; Christian Hillaire; Jean Marte Chauvet.
6.3. Man's first attempt to communicate using images and symbols.
7. Hieroglyphics and the Egyptians
7.1. Invasion.
7.1.1. Discovered complex structures. Pyramids, Tombs, and Temples.
7.1.1.1. New node
7.1.1.1.1. New node
7.2. Hieroglyphics; Derived from secrets, writing or engraving.
7.2.1. Thought to be showing a way to express words and writing.
7.2.1.1. Contained Logographic and Alphabetic elements
7.2.1.1.1. To the Egyptians it was important for them to record everything, mainly religion and government.
7.3. Rosetta Stone.
7.3.1. Slab of inscriptions. Found by the French after the invasion.
7.3.1.1. Jean Francois Champollion decrypted the Rosetta Stone, When he was able to match up the Hieroglyphic symbols with the Greek name of Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses. It is now in the British Museum.
8. Creation of the Phonetic Alphabet.
8.1. Alphabet
8.1.1. Started with a consonant.
8.1.1.1. Trade culture of the Phoenician merchants spread the use of the alphabet into parts of North Africa and Europe helped with the success of the alphabet.
8.2. Greek Alphabet
8.2.1. It has given rise to many other alphabets including the Latin alphabet.
8.3. Roman Alphabet
8.3.1. Known as the Latin alphabet
8.3.1.1. Had two distinct style of lettering... A rigid, formal script was used for important manuscripts and official documents; a quicker, informal style was used for letters and routine types of writing.
8.4. Serif? Finishing off strokes.
8.4.1. Originated from Ancient Italy.
8.4.1.1. Made things more legible.
8.5. Baseline?The line upon where most letters sit
8.6. Descender? Baseline is under making the descender extend.
9. History of Photography
9.1. Camera Obscura?
9.1.1. A way to observe light.
9.1.1.1. It was a Dark Chamber
9.1.1.1.1. It was a darkened room with a convex lens inserted into one wall.
9.2. Camera.
9.2.1. 17th and 18th Century. The size of the box shrunk to the size of a portable box.
9.2.1.1. "Photography" Derived from the Greek words for light and writing.
9.2.1.1.1. Joseph Niepce.: First successful photo.
9.3. Daguerre. First Practical Photographic process.
9.3.1. name of the process was called the Daguerreotype.
9.3.1.1. He exposed a light-sensitive metal sheet, which created a direct positive image. Reduced to half an hour. Immerse it in salt.
9.4. Calotype.
9.4.1. Created by William Fox Talbot.
9.4.1.1. The subject was exposed onto a light sensitive paper producing a paper negative. It was good because was able to duplicate images.
9.5. Dry Method.
9.5.1. Richard Maddox.
9.5.1.1. Glass plates were coated with the gelatin.
9.5.1.1.1. Is a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissue.
9.6. Kodak
9.6.1. The Brownie.