1. Speech vs. Writing
1.1. Why it is sometimes claimed that writing is primary
1.1.1. Written texts tend to be more carefully worded and better organized than spoken texts
1.1.2. Spelling is more uniform across different individuals
1.1.3. Written texts last and can be preserved for a long time
1.1.4. Writing style change much more slowly than speech styles
1.2. Linguists reasons for claiming that speech is primary
1.2.1. Spoken language existed much earlier than writing
1.2.2. Society only speak their language and not write it
1.2.3. Learn to speak before write
1.2.4. During one month speak than write
1.2.5. Writing must be taught
1.2.6. Processing and production written language is overlaid
1.2.7. Speech contains information that writing lacks
2. The Parts of Grammar
2.1. Phonetics
2.2. Phonology
2.3. Morphology
2.3.1. Morpheme
2.4. Syntax
2.4.1. Phrase
2.4.2. Sentence
2.5. Semantics
2.5.1. Sentence
2.5.2. Phrase
2.5.3. Word
2.5.4. Morpheme
2.6. Pragmatics
3. Language
3.1. Linguistic
3.1.1. Observe and describe
3.1.2. Find generalizations
3.1.3. Draw conclusions
3.2. Applied linguistic
3.2.1. Improve native language
3.2.2. Learn foreign
3.2.3. Write better dictionary
3.2.4. Improve language problem
3.2.5. Search internet efficient and success
4. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive Approach to Language
4.1. Descriptive Approach
4.1.1. Linguists attempt to describe the grammar
4.1.2. Descriptive grammar describe basic language knowledge
4.1.3. Descriptive grammar involves observing
4.1.4. Descriptive rules accept as given the patterns speaker
4.2. Prescriptive Approach
4.2.1. Tell someone's ide
4.2.2. Value judgement
4.2.3. Make up the rules of the grammar
4.2.4. Impose rules of speaking and writing
4.2.5. Focuses only on a few issues
4.3. Prescriptivism vs. Descriptivism
5. Arbitrarness
5.1. Limited exception
5.1.1. Onomatopoeia
5.1.2. Sound symbolism