1. Innovations in Technology
1.1. Oil
1.1.1. advances in drilling lead to increase in oil production
1.2. Steel
1.3. Transportation
1.3.1. Railroad construction and efficiency increased
1.3.2. Railroads helped move steet and other materials to cities, during industrialization.
2. Political Changes
2.1. Politcal Machines ran parties and cities
2.1.1. Examples: -Tammany Hall
2.1.2. Provided jobs, promised opportunities, improved infrastructure and helped immigrants settle down in exchange for votes
2.1.3. Corruption of political bosses led to unfair elections and embezzled money from kickbacks
3. Communications
3.1. Improved due to increase in railroads and transportation
3.2. Advancement in publishing led to more newspapers and print media
3.2.1. Newspapers fought for readers
3.2.2. Literature became more popular and widespread
3.2.3. Ultimately led to boss tweed being brough to justice. (political cartoon published by Thomas Nast)
4. Government Actions
4.1. Immigration League
4.1.1. tightened laws on immigration
4.1.1.1. enforced quotas
4.1.1.2. required literacy and intelligence tests
4.1.1.3. required consular certificates
4.2. Inactions: -age laws regarding child labor were not enforced
4.2.1. children under the age of ten, working high risk jobs, in unsafe, unsanitary working conditions, for little to no pay.
5. Immigration
5.1. Immigrants from all over were beginning to settle in America
5.1.1. Chinese
5.1.1.1. faced nativism
5.1.1.2. suffered from the Chinese Exclusion Act
5.1.1.3. mainly settled west
5.1.2. Slavs
5.1.2.1. often sent money back
5.1.2.2. were Russian Jews that escaped
5.1.3. Italians
5.1.3.1. did not plan to stay
5.1.3.2. farmers
5.1.3.3. planned on making money and taking it back to italy
5.1.4. Germans
5.1.4.1. middle class
5.1.4.2. isolated
5.1.5. Irish
5.1.5.1. viewed as drunks
5.1.5.2. ill-prepared for city life
5.1.5.3. decently literate
5.1.5.4. spoke english