phonics instruction

1. how long should it be taught?- Approximately two years of phonics instruction insufficient for most students (kindergarten-end of 1st)

2. Systematic and explicit phonics instruction

2.1. Clearly defined letter-sound relationships

2.1.1. major sound/ spelling relationships

2.1.1.1. consonants

2.1.1.2. vowels

2.2. Benifits

2.2.1. better for comprehention

2.2.2. better for development of reading

2.2.2.1. children should be reading texts, and writing letters, words, messages, and stories as wells as practicing reading

2.2.3. prevents reading difficulties

3. phonemes

3.1. sounds

3.1.1. can be linked/connected to letters/alphabet

4. explicit v. systematic

4.1. systematic- clearly shows a set of letter-sound combos and organizes them

4.2. explicit- do not teach consonant and vowel letter-sound relationships in prescribed sequence

5. alphabet

5.1. graphemes

5.1.1. letters

5.2. supports the memorization of specific words

6. Effective programs offer

6.1. explicit instruction for how to help students make connections

6.2. helps students understand why and apply knowledge

6.3. can be adapted

6.4. alphabetic knowledge, phonemic awareness, vocabulary development, and the reading of text, as well as systematic phonics instruction