![Mind Map: Geologic Hazards and their Processes Affected by Climate Change [POST WORKSHOP CHANGES]](https://www.mindmeister.com/image/xlarge/2875979167/mind-map-geologic-hazards-and-their-processes-affected-by-climate-change-post-workshop-changes.png)
1. A. Increased precipitation
1.1. A1. Increased lahars (frequency, size, extent)
1.1.1. A1.1 Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
1.1.2. A1.2 Increased occurrence and potential damage from earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaups of new or existing glacial lakes
1.2. A2. Increased volcanic tephra (ash) in the atmosphere can be brought to the ground by increasing precipitation, resulting in deposits of extremely heavy, wet ash; precipitation can result in more ash being quickly deposited closer to its source, rather than drifting farther from the volcano
1.2.1. A2.1 Increased occurrence of flooding due to volcanic tephra dams failing during earthquakes or volcanic events
1.2.2. A2.2 Increased occurrence and potential damage from earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups of new glacial lakes or existing glacial lakes enlarged from significant deposition of tephra
1.3. A3. When volcanic activity is concurrent with increasingly extreme precipitation, eruptions can increase in explosivity
1.3.1. A3.1 Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides, tephra dispersal
1.3.1.1. Increased potential for earthquake-and/or volcanic-event triggered flooding
1.3.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
1.3.1.3. Increased tsunami potential
1.3.2. A3.2 Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
1.3.3. A 3.3 In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
1.4. A4. Increased frequency, magnitude, and extent of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered *landslides*; opening of new at-risk areas
1.4.1. A4.1 Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding from landslide dams and landslides entering lakes
1.4.2. A4.2 Increased occurrence and severity of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups
1.4.3. A4.3 Increased occurrence of flooding from failure of man-made dams and reservoir, river, or lake embankments
1.4.3.1. Increased occurrence of landslides
1.4.4. A4.4 Increased explosivity of eruptions
1.4.4.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
1.4.4.1.1. Increased potential for earthquake-and/or volcanic-event triggered flooding
1.4.4.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
1.4.4.1.3. Increased tsunami potential
1.4.4.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
1.4.4.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
1.4.5. A4.5 Increased potential for volcanic eruption (see *Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence* for resulting hazards)
1.4.6. A4.6 Increased occurrence of shaking-induced landslide-triggered tsunami
1.5. A5. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
1.6. A6. Increased rain/snow-induced landslides and avalanches (frequency, size, extent, and changed seasonality); opening of new at-risk areas
1.6.1. A6.1 Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered *flooding* due to failure of precipitation-formed landslide or avalanche dams
1.6.2. A6.2 Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups from failure of precipitation-formed new or larger glacial lakes
1.6.3. A6.3 Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
1.6.4. A6.4 Increased explosivity of volcanic eruptions
1.6.4.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
1.6.4.1.1. Increased potential for earthquake-and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
1.6.4.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
1.6.4.1.3. Increased tsunami potential
1.6.4.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
1.6.4.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
1.6.5. A6.5 Increased occurrence of earthquakes (see **Earthquake Events Sequence** for resulting hazards)
1.7. A7. Increased heavy snow/ice accumulation; increased volume and changed seasonality of snow/ice melt
1.7.1. A7.1 Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes, expansion and/or increased volume of existing lakes
1.7.2. A7.2 Increased lahars (frequency, size, extent)
1.7.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
1.7.2.2. Increased occurrence and potential damage from earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups of new or existing glacial lakes
1.7.3. A7.3 Increased occurrence of snow/ice loading- and melt water-triggered landslides and avalanches
1.7.3.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding due to failure of snow/ice melt-formed landslide or avalanche dams
1.7.3.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups from failure of snow melt-formed new or enlarged glacial lakes
1.7.3.3. Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
1.7.3.4. Increased explosivity of volcanic eruptions
1.7.3.4.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
1.7.3.4.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
1.7.3.4.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
1.7.3.5. Increased occurrence of earthquakes (see **Earthquake Events Sequence** for resulting hazards)
1.8. A8. Weakened volcano edifice
1.8.1. A8.1 Increased occurrence and magnitude of flank collapse and landslides
1.8.1.1. Increased tsunami potential
1.8.1.2. Increased potential for earthquake-and/or volcanic-event triggered flooding
1.8.1.3. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
1.8.2. A8.2 Increased instance of volcanic eruption (see **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence** for resulting hazards)
1.9. A9. Increased formation of lakes, increased volume and/or areal expansion of existing lakes, and longer duration of seasonal lakes
1.9.1. A9.1 Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered a) GLOFs/Jökulhlaups, b) lake overtopping or breach floods, and c) flooding from waves
1.9.2. A9.2 Increased occurrence of reservoir-induced earthquakes
1.9.3. A9.3 Increased likelihood of explosive water-lava interactions
1.10. A10. Increased rainfall-triggered flooding (frequency, magnitude, and/or duration, and changed seasonality); opening of new at-risk areas
1.10.1. A10.1 Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
1.10.2. A10.2 Increased ground instability
1.10.2.1. Increased frequency, size, and extent of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered *slope failure,* including river banks and adjacent slopes; opening of new at-risk areas
1.10.2.2. Increased frequency, size, and extent of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered *ground failure,* especially in low-lying areas; opening of new at-risk areas
1.10.2.2.1. Expanded coverage and deeper water depth of flooded areas
1.10.3. A10.3 Increased river velocity, erosivity, and sediment capacity
1.10.3.1. Increased river bank erosion; undercutting of slopes resulting in landslides
1.11. A11. Increased weathering, erosion, and sedimentation due to enhanced physical and chemical processes
1.11.1. A11.1. Increased slope and ground instability
1.11.1.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
1.11.1.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
1.11.1.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
1.11.1.1.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
1.11.1.1.4. Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
1.11.1.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
1.11.1.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered *flooding*
1.11.1.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
1.11.1.2.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
1.11.1.2.4. Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See volcanic eruption events sequence)
1.11.1.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
1.11.2. A11.2 Increased number or size of lahars/debris flows
1.11.2.1. Increased flood hazard
1.11.3. A11.3 Amplified ground shaking
1.11.3.1. Increased severity and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
1.11.4. A11.4 Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
1.11.5. A11.5 Increased damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups and landslide dam flooding
1.11.6. A11.6 More explosive volcanic eruptions
1.11.6.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
1.11.6.1.1. Increased tsunami potential
1.11.6.1.2. Increased potential for earthquake-and/or volcanic-event triggered flooding
1.11.6.1.3. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
1.11.6.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
1.11.6.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
1.12. A12. Amplified ground shaking
1.12.1. Increased severity and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
1.13. A13. Increased rain-triggered earthquakes in karst landscapes
1.14. OTHER HAZARDS
1.14.1. Increased occurrence of tsunami triggered by precipitation-induced landslides
1.14.2. Increased magnitude and extent of precipitation-induced settlement/subsidence
1.14.2.1. Expanded extent and deeper water depth of flooded areas
1.14.2.2. If along the coast, increased local/relative sea level rise (see **Increased Sea Levels** climate signal for resulting hazards)
1.14.3. Increased expansive clay soil hazards
2. B. Decreased precipitation
2.1. B1. Increased groundwater unloading/depletion
2.1.1. B1.1 Potentially hasten occurrence of earthquakes (See **Earthquake Event Sequence** for resulting hazards)
2.1.2. B1.2 Pumped groundwater contributes to sea level rise (see *H. Increased Sea Levels* climate indicator for resulting hazards)
2.2. B2. In areas with on-going melting of snow and glacial ice, *additional melting* from localized warming as albedo is reduced
2.2.1. B2.1 Increased ice/snow melt-triggered lahars and debris flows
2.2.2. B2.2 Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs/Jökulhlaups)
2.2.3. B2.3 Increased weathering and erosion of existing or newly exposed ground
2.2.3.1. Increased slope and ground instability
2.2.3.1.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
2.2.3.1.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
2.2.3.1.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
2.2.3.2. Amplified ground shaking
2.2.3.2.1. Increased severity and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
2.2.3.3. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
2.2.3.4. More explosive volcanic eruptions
2.2.4. B2.4 Increased freeze and thaw cycles (see **E. Increased Frequency of Freeze-Thaw Cycles** climate signal for resulting hazards)
2.2.5. B2.5 Increased rate and magnitude of glacial isostatic adjustment/rebound
2.2.5.1. Increased decompression melting and upward magma movement
2.2.5.1.1. Increased occurrence of volcanic earthquakes (Same hazard as tectonic earthquakes but less likely to be of large magnitude; see **Earthquake Event Sequence)**
2.2.5.1.2. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence**)
2.2.5.2. Increased occurrence of earthquakes, including large magnitude earthquakes (see **Earthquake Event Sequence)**
2.2.6. B2.6 Increased frequency, size, extent, and changed seasonality of *snow/ice melt-induced * landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
2.2.6.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
2.2.6.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
2.2.6.3. Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
2.2.6.4. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions and increased explosivity of eruptions
2.2.7. B2.7 Increased sea level rise due to meltwater flowing into ocean (see **H. Increased Sea Levels** climate signal for resulting hazards)
2.3. B3. Increased weathering and erosion
2.3.1. B3.1 Increased frequency and extent of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered *shallow* landslides
2.4. B4. Processes from increasing precipitation generally proceed along opposite pathway, and generally result in reduced or no change to hazards.
2.5. B5. Increased occurrence and potential spread of earthquake-triggered wildfire
2.6. OTHER HAZARDS
2.6.1. Increased drought frequency, severity, and/or duration
2.6.2. Reduced replenishment of groundwater and glacial ice, reduced surface water
2.6.3. Increased coastal saltwater intrusion
2.6.4. Increased ground subsidence
3. C. Increased temperature
3.1. C1. Increased glacial ice and snow melt volume; increased rate of melting, and shifting/lengthening of melting season
3.1.1. C1.1 Increased ice/snow melt-triggered lahars and debris flows
3.1.2. C1.2 Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs/Jökulhlaups) (PS 1)
3.1.3. C1.3 Increased frequency, size, extent, and changed seasonality of snow/ice melt-induced landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.1.3.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
3.1.3.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups
3.1.3.3. Increased occurrence of earthquakes (see **Earthquake Events Sequence**)
3.1.3.4. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
3.1.3.4.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
3.1.3.4.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
3.1.3.4.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
3.1.4. C1.4 Increased rate and magnitude of glacial isostatic adjustment/rebound
3.1.4.1. Increased occurrence of earthquakes, including large magnitude earthquakes (see **Earthquake Event Sequence)**
3.1.4.2. Increased volcanic decompression melting and upward magma movement
3.1.4.2.1. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence**)
3.1.4.2.2. Increased occurrence of volcanic earthquakes (same hazards as tectonic earthquakes but less likely to be of large magnitude; see **Earthquake Event Sequence**)
3.1.5. C1.5 Increased weathering and erosion of existing and/or newly exposed ground; increased availability of unconsolidated material to move in mass wasting events
3.1.5.1. Increased ground and slope instability
3.1.5.1.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.1.5.1.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.1.5.2. Amplified ground shaking
3.1.5.2.1. Increased magnitude of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
3.1.5.3. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
3.1.5.4. Increased damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups and landslide dam flooding
3.1.5.5. More explosive volcanic eruptions
3.1.5.5.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
3.1.5.5.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
3.1.5.5.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
3.1.6. C1.6 Increased freeze and thaw cycles (see *E. Increased Frequency of Freeze-Thaw Cycles* climate indicator for resulting hazards)
3.1.7. C1.7 Further glacier and snow melting due to local warming from reduced albedo
3.1.8. C1.8 Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
3.1.9. C1.9 Increased sea level rise due to meltwater flowing into ocean (see *H. Increased Sea Levels* climate indicator for resulting hazards)
3.1.10. C1.10 Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.1.10.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
3.1.10.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups
3.1.10.3. Increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
3.1.10.3.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
3.1.10.3.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
3.1.10.3.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
3.1.10.4. Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
3.1.10.5. Increased occurrence of earthquakes (see **Earthquake Events Sequence**)
3.2. C2. Increased permafrost melting/degradation
3.2.1. C2.1 Increased slope and ground instability
3.2.1.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.1.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
3.2.1.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
3.2.1.1.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
3.2.1.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.1.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
3.2.1.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
3.2.1.2.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
3.2.1.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.2. C2.2 Increased ground deformation; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.2.1. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.3. C2.3 Increased flooding
3.2.3.1. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.4. C2.4 Increased erosion and weathering of existing or newly thawed ground from meltwater. Increased presence of loose sediment
3.2.4.1. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.4.2. Increased ground instability
3.2.4.2.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.4.2.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.4.2.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.4.3. Amplified ground shaking
3.2.4.3.1. Increased severity and extent of liquefaction and related hazards (see **Earthquake Events Sequence**); opening of new at-risk areas
3.2.4.4. Increased damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups and landslide dam flooding
3.2.4.5. More explosive volcanic eruptions
3.2.4.5.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
3.2.4.5.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
3.2.4.5.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
3.2.5. C2.5 Increased occurrence of liquefaction of thawed ground; opening of new at-risk areas
3.3. C3. Increased precipitation; change in precipitation phase from snow to rain (see *A. Increased Precipitation* climate signal for resulting hazards)
3.3.1. C3.1 Increased rain-on-snow events
3.3.1.1. Increased lahars (frequency, size, extent)
3.3.1.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
3.3.1.1.2. Increased occurrence and potential damage from earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups of new or existing glacial lakes
3.3.1.2. Increased frequency and magnitude of avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
3.3.1.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
3.3.1.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with avalanche materials
3.3.1.2.3. Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
3.3.1.2.4. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
3.3.1.3. Increased flooding; shift in seasonality of thaw-triggered flooding
3.3.1.4. Increased snow and ice melt and permafrost thaw; shift in melting season
3.3.1.4.1. Increased slope and ground instability
3.3.1.4.2. Increased occurrence of liquefaction of newly wet ground; opening of new at-risk areas
3.3.1.4.3. Amplified local ground shaking and increased earthquake-induced ground deformation/failure; opening of new at-risk areas
3.3.1.4.4. Increased flooding
3.3.1.4.5. Increased occurrence of earthquakes (see **Earthquake Event Sequence** for resulting hazards)
3.4. C4. Increased river discharge and flooding from ice and snow melt
3.4.1. C4.1 Increased rainfall-triggered flooding in already saturated areas (frequency, magnitude, and/or duration, and changed seasonality)
3.4.1.1. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
3.4.1.2. Increased ground instability
3.4.1.2.1. Increased frequency, size, and extent of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered slope failure, including river banks and adjacent slopes; opening of new at-risk areas
3.4.1.2.2. Increased frequency, size, and extent of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered ground failure, especially in low-lying areas; opening of new at-risk areas
3.4.1.3. Increased river velocity and erosivity; increased occurrence of river channel location change (avulsion)
3.4.1.3.1. Increased river bank erosion; undercutting of slopes resulting in landslides
3.5. C5. Increased evaporation of surface water and reduced soil moisture
3.5.1. C5.1 Increased groundwater depletion/unloading
3.5.1.1. Potentially hasten occurrence of earthquakes (See **Earthquake Events Sequence)**
3.5.1.2. Pumped groundwater contributes to sea level rise (see *H. Increased Sea Levels* climate signal for resulting hazards)
3.5.1.3. Increased ground subsidence
3.5.2. C5.2 Increased occurrence and potential spread of earthquake-triggered wildfire
3.6. OTHER HAZARDS:
3.6.1. Increased frequency, intensity and duration of heatwaves
3.6.2. Increased frequency, extent, and severity of wildfire
3.6.3. Water shortage in the longer term term as glaciers, snow, permafrost completely disappear or reach a new equilibria with more limited extent
3.6.4. Increased flooding due to increased sediment in rivers from melting glaciers, permafrost, and snow increasing runoff
3.6.5. Increased groundwater and land salination
3.6.6. Increased infestation and diseases
4. D. Increased extreme rain-drought cycles
4.1. D1. Increased occurrence of potentially catastrophic rainfall-induced slope and ground failure
4.1.1. D1.1 Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
4.1.2. D1.2 Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups
4.1.3. D1.3 Increased occurrence of flooding from failure of man-made dams and reservoir, river, or lake embankments
4.1.3.1. Increased occurrence of landslides
4.1.4. D1.4 Increased explosivity of eruptions
4.1.4.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
4.1.4.1.1. Increased potential for earthquake-and/or volcanic-event triggered flooding
4.1.4.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
4.1.4.1.3. Increased tsunami potential
4.1.4.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
4.1.4.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
4.1.5. D1.5 Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
4.1.6. D1.6 Increased occurrence of earthquakes (see **Earthquake Events Sequence**)
4.2. D2. Increased potential occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered slope and ground failure
4.2.1. D2.1 Increased magnitude and extent of earthquake shaking-induced landslides, liquefaction, and settlement/subsidence
4.2.1.1. Increased occurrence of flooding
4.2.1.2. Increased occurrence of flooding from failure of man-made dams and reservoir, river, or lake embankments
4.2.1.2.1. Increased occurrence of landslides
4.2.1.3. Increased occurrence of shaking-induced, landslide-triggered tsunami
4.2.1.4. Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
4.2.1.4.1. Increased occurrence and magnitude of *flank* collapse and landslides
4.2.1.5. Increased explosivity of eruptions
4.2.1.5.1. Increased potential for *lava dome* collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
4.2.1.5.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
4.2.1.5.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
4.2.2. D2.2 Increased rain/snow-induced landslides and avalanches (frequency, size, extent, and changed seasonality)
4.2.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
4.2.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups
4.2.2.3. Increased occurrence of flooding from failure of man-made dams and reservoir, river, or lake embankments
4.2.2.3.1. Increased occurrence of landslides
4.2.2.4. Increased potential for volcanic eruption (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
4.2.2.4.1. Increased occurrence and magnitude of *flank collapse and landslides*
4.2.2.5. Increased explosivity of eruptions (See **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence)**
4.2.2.5.1. Increased potential for *lava dome collapse* (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
4.2.2.5.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
4.2.2.5.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
4.3. D3 Increased earthquake occurrence may occur as a region dries out if a large area was previously very wet (such as during south Asian monsoon season).
4.4. D3. Increased weathering, erosion and sedimentation on slopes and ground, particularly where underlain by clay, significant role of shrink and swell
4.4.1. D3.1 Increased slope and ground instability
4.4.1.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
4.4.1.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
4.4.1.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups
4.4.1.1.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
4.4.1.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
4.4.1.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
4.4.1.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
4.4.1.2.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
4.4.1.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
4.4.2. D3.2 Increased number or size of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered lahar/debris flows
4.4.2.1. Increased flood hazard
4.4.3. D3.3 Amplified ground shaking
4.4.3.1. Increased severity and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
4.4.4. D3.4 Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
4.4.5. D3.5 Increased damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups and landslide dam flooding
4.4.6. D3.6 More explosive volcanic eruptions
4.4.6.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
4.4.6.1.1. Increased tsunami potential
4.4.6.1.2. Increased potential for earthquake-and/or volcanic-event triggered flooding
4.4.6.1.3. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
4.4.6.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
4.5. D4. Shift in volcanic eruptive styles with exacerbated seasonality
4.6. D5. Increased fluctuations in reservoir levels
4.6.1. D5.1 Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
4.6.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
4.6.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs
4.6.1.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
4.6.1.3.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
4.6.1.3.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
4.6.1.3.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
4.6.1.4. Increased occurrence of earthquakes (see **Earthquake Events Sequence**)
4.6.2. D5.2 Increased earthquake occurrence
4.7. D6. Rise and fall of the ground
4.7.1. D6.1 Potentially increased earthquake occurrence
4.8. D7. Increased occurrence and potential spread of earthquake-triggered wildfire during drought periods
5. E. Increased freeze-thaw cycles
5.1. E1. Increased weathering, erosion and sedimentation from frost heave and thaw settlement and increasing the amount of unconsolidated material at/near the surface
5.1.1. E1.1 Increased slope and ground instability
5.1.1.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
5.1.1.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
5.1.1.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups
5.1.1.1.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence** ) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
5.1.1.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
5.1.1.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
5.1.1.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
5.1.1.2.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence** ) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
5.1.1.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
5.1.2. E1.2 Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
5.1.3. E1.3 Increased damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups and landslide dam flooding
5.1.4. E1.4 More explosive volcanic eruptions
5.1.4.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
5.1.4.1.1. Increased tsunami potential
5.1.4.1.2. Increased potential for earthquake-and/or volcanic-event triggered flooding
5.1.4.1.3. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
5.1.4.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
5.1.4.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
5.2. E2. Increased permafrost melting/ degradation
5.2.1. E2.1 Increased occurrence of liquefaction of thawed ground; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.2. E2.2 Increased slope and ground instability
5.2.2.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas (PS 1,2)
5.2.2.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
5.2.2.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
5.2.2.1.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
5.2.2.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of (rainfall-triggered) landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.2.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
5.2.2.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
5.2.2.2.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
5.2.2.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.3. E2.3 Increased erosion and weathering of existing or newly thawed ground from meltwater. Increased presence of loose sediment
5.2.3.1. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.3.2. Increased ground instability
5.2.3.2.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.3.2.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.3.2.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.3.3. Amplified ground shaking
5.2.3.3.1. Increased severity and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.3.4. Increased damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups and landslide dam flooding
5.2.3.5. More explosive volcanic eruptions
5.2.3.5.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
5.2.3.5.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges (PS 1-4)
5.2.4. E2.4 Increased ground deformation; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.4.1. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
5.2.5. E2.5 Increased flooding
5.2.5.1. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
6. F. Increased typhoon, cyclone, hurricane activity and other storms
6.1. F2. Increased heavy precipitation (see **A. Increased precipitation** climate signal for resulting hazards)
6.2. F0. Increased likelihood of compound hazards with severe implications when storm activity coincides with geophysical hazards
6.3. F3. Stronger and less predictable wind (see **G. Increased wind speed and pattern unpredictability** climate signal for resulting hazards)
6.4. F4. Increased amplitude of storm surge
6.4.1. Increased coastal flooding from storm surge (including frequency, extent, and/or duration
6.4.1.1. Increased magnitude and extent of liquefaction and related hazards; opening of new at-risk areas
6.4.1.2. Increased ground instability
6.4.1.2.1. Increased frequency, size, and extent of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered river bank, coastal slope, and other ground failure
6.5. F1. Increased slow earthquakes
6.6. OTHER HAZARDS
6.6.1. Increased frequency, magnitude and duration of storm surge
6.6.2. Increased groundwater and soil salination
7. G. Increased wind speeds
7.1. G1. Increased spread and unpredictability of volcanic tephra (ash), gas, and aerosol dispersal, as well as circulation of acid rain during eruptive events
7.1.1. Implications for regional to global climate
7.2. G2. Increased speed and spread of earthquake-triggered wildfire
7.3. G3. Increased weathering, erosion and sedimentation by wind
7.3.1. G3.1 Increased slope and ground instability
7.3.1.1. Increased frequency and magnitude of *earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
7.3.1.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
7.3.1.1.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
7.3.1.1.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of eruptions
7.3.1.2. Increased frequency and magnitude, and changed seasonality of *rainfall-triggered* landslides and avalanches; opening of new at-risk areas
7.3.1.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
7.3.1.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
7.3.1.2.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
7.3.1.3. Increased frequency and magnitude of earthquake- or volcanic event-triggered subsidence, liquefaction, and other ground failure; opening of new at-risk areas
7.3.2. G3.2 More explosive volcanic eruptions
7.3.2.1. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
7.3.2.1.1. Increased tsunami potential
7.3.2.1.2. Increased potential for earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
7.3.2.1.3. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake and/or volcanic event triggered GLOF/Jökulhlaup
7.3.2.2. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
7.3.2.3. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
7.4. G4. Increased slope instability from wind load on trees or windthrow
7.4.1. G4.1 Increased frequency and extent of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered shallow landslides; opening of new at-risk areas
7.5. G5. Increased Potential Evapotranspiration that may reduce surface and ground water availability and increase drought
7.5.1. G5.1 Increased earthquake occurrence
7.5.2. G5.2 Increased earthquake-, volcanic event-, and rainfall-induced slope and ground failure
7.5.2.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
7.5.2.2. Increased occurrence and damage potential of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered GLOFs/Jökulhlaups due to increased formation of new glacial lakes and/or volume rise of existing lakes from filling with landslide/avalanche materials
7.5.2.3. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
7.5.2.4. Increased occurrence of earthquakes (See **Earthquake Events Sequence)**
7.6. G6. Increased local/regional sea (and lake) levels, as the wind may temporarily increase sea level rise (see **H. Increased Sea levels** climate change signal for resulting hazards)
7.7. OTHER HAZARDS
7.7.1. Increased direct damage from wind
7.7.2. Increased fire severity and extent
7.7.3. Increased severity of sand and dust storms
8. H. Increased sea levels
8.1. H1. Increased groundwater elevation in coastal and low-lying areas
8.1.1. H1.1 Increased severity and/or extent of liquefaction from increased soil saturation; opening of new at-risk areas
8.2. H2. Increased coastal slope instability and erosion
8.2.1. H2.1 Increased earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered coastal landslides; opening of new at-risk areas
8.2.1.1. Increased occurrence of earthquake- and/or volcanic event-triggered flooding
8.2.1.2. Increased occurrence of volcanic eruptions (see **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence**) and increased explosivity of on-going eruptions
8.2.1.2.1. Taller and larger eruption columns from explosive eruptions may increasingly collapse to form pyroclastic flows or surges
8.2.1.2.2. Increased potential for lava dome collapse (where applicable) and further explosions, pyroclastic flows, flank collapse, and landslides
8.2.2. H2.2 Increased occurrence of, and inundation from, landslide-induced tsunami
8.3. H3. Increased tsunami inundation distance and run-up elevation, opening of new at-risk areas
8.4. H4. Increased likelihood for eruption of coastal volcanoes and volcanic islands during tidal changes (See **Volcanic Eruption Events Sequence)**
8.5. H5. Increased earthquake occurrence (See **Earthquake Events Sequence**)
8.6. H6. Rising hydrologic/geomorphologic base level, below which rivers cannot erode
8.6.1. H6.1 Increased deposition in rivers and streams as the elevation of flow approaches the new, higher base level
8.6.1.1. Increased severity and extent of earthquake shaking-induced liquefaction and other ground deformation; opening of new at-risk areas
8.7. H7. Decreased underwater volcanic eruption
8.8. OTHER HAZARDS
8.8.1. Increased extent of groundwater and soil salination
8.8.2. Increased coastal land inundation
8.8.3. Increased flood height as base level rises, exacerbating flooding
8.8.4. Increased flood extent where groundwater withdrawal has caused subsidence
8.8.5. Increased height and extent of tidal flooding and/or storm surge amplification
9. Picture
10. Hazards associated with volcanic eruptions
10.1. Pyroclastic flows and surges
10.2. Lahars
10.3. If erupting volcano is covered in ice/snow, rapid melting causes flooding by pyroclastic or lava flows
10.3.1. Ice/snow melt-triggered lahar and debris flows
10.3.2. Weakening of edifice from ice/snow-melt infiltration
10.3.3. Formation of glacial lakes, resulting in potential GLOF/Jökulhlaup
10.4. Tephra, including ballistics
10.5. Lava flows and domes
10.6. Gas emissions
10.7. Volcanic-event triggered landslides, avalanches, and resultant flooding
10.7.1. Flooding due to a) formation of volcanic-triggered landslide or avalanche dams; and/or b) triggered landslides entering lakes and triggering waves with potentially large runup height
10.7.2. Additional volcanic eruption from a large landslide/flank collapse
10.7.3. If the volcano is glaciated or ice/snow capped: volcanic event-triggered glacial lake outburst flooding (GLOF/Jökulhlaup) due to a) landslide-triggered failure of glacial lake embankment; b) overtopping of a glacial lake due to fill from volcanic materials or a volcanic-landslide/lahar; c) an eruption may melt ice that was retaining a glacial lake, or d) an eruption may rapidly melt volumes of snow and ice which overwhelm an existing glacial lake
10.7.4. Landslides may result in increased explosivity of eruptions by releasing trapped gasses and redistributing mass
10.8. Volcanic earthquakes
10.9. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI =6+) volcanic aerosols may have increased instance of stratospheric dispersion, causing short-term alterations on regional to global climate
10.10. Flooding due to volcanic products a) mixing with snow and ice, or b) blocking streams to create lakes that can suddenly be released
10.11. Ground inflation from magma ascent and potential subsidence after eruption
10.12. In the case of an extreme eruption (VEI = 6+), shifting of future typhoon activity northward or southward for several years
10.13. In the case of an extreme eruption, increased El Niño events
10.14. Increased lightning in storms following eruption of fine volcanic particles that reduce the size of cloud droplets and create charge imbalances as the smaller droplets are carried by updrafts
10.15. In the case of an extreme eruption, further regional/global alteration of global atmosphere composition
11. Picture
12. **EVENT SEQUENCES** Two event sequences are common to multiple climate change signals and processes. These are shown below, and are referenced in the main flowchart at right. Coloration below is a bit different than in the legend above, nor is the coloring relevant in every instance when a sequence is referenced in the main flowchart. **LEGEND ONLY FOR THESE SEQUENCES** (see main legend above for the main flowchart): - **Yellow text, dark blue cells** – common hazard with severe (life safety) implications - **Black text, dark blue cells** – common hazard with less severe implications - **Light blue cells** – less common hazards and/or lower confidence
13. **VOLCANIC ERUPTION EVENT SEQUENCE**
14. Hazards associated with earthquakes
14.1. Earthquake-triggered tsunami and shaking-induced, landslide-triggered tsunami
14.2. Earthquake-triggered landslides and avalanches
14.2.1. Flooding due to landslide-dammed rivers, with potential catastrophic downstream flooding
14.2.2. Shaking-induced landslides may cause failure of existing glacial lake embankments and result in glacial lake outburst flooding (GLOF/Jökulhlaup), or GLOF/Jökulhlaup may result after earthquake-triggered landslides form new glacial lakes and/or increase the volume of existing lakes as landslide materials fill the lake
14.2.3. Flooding from landslides entering lakes and triggering waves with potentially large runup height
14.2.4. Landslides may trigger volcanic eruption (see **Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence** for common hazards)
14.2.5. Landslides may result in increased explosivity of eruptions by releasing trapped gasses and redistributing mass
14.2.6. Additional earthquakes due to changes in stress field from landslide unloading/redistribution of mass, particularly in seismically active areas
14.3. Ground deformation
14.3.1. Liquefaction, including lateral spreading, ejected water with densification of sand, sand boils, differential settlement
14.3.2. Ground failure from loss of bearing capacity
14.3.3. Earthquake-triggered ground settlement/subsidence with short and long term consequences
14.3.3.1. Expanded extent and deeper water depth of flooded areas
14.3.3.2. If along the coast, increased local/relative sea level rise
14.4. Ground rupture and surface folding
14.5. Earthquake-triggered volcanic eruptions due to magma rising through earthquake-caused cracking or depressurization of gasses (see *Volcanic Eruption Event Sequence* for common hazards)
14.6. Flooding from failure of man-made dams and reservoir, river, or lake embankments
14.6.1. Increased occurrence of landslides due to flood waters undercutting slopes