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1.1. Thermometer
1.1.1. A thermometer is a tool used to to measure the average kinetic energy of speed of particles. Its temperature scales include Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
1.2. Atoms
1.2.1. Atoms are particles that makes up matter. They are called the building blocks of matter.
1.3. Solid State
1.3.1. The solid state is one state of matter that has a definite shape and volume. Its particles are close together and they vibrate in place. Solids can't be squeezed into something with a smaller volume.
1.4. Liquid State
1.4.1. The liquid state has a definite volume but no definite shape. Their particles are close together but they move around and can collide with each other. Liquids can flow between containers.
1.5. Gas State
1.5.1. The gas state has no definite shape or volume. Their particles are spread out and they move around very quickly. Gases can also flow between containers.
1.6. Kinetic Energy
1.6.1. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. The faster particles move, they will have more kinetic energy.
1.7. Kelvin Scale
1.7.1. The Kelvin scale was made to predict what temperature particles would stop all motion. That temperature is called absolute zero or 0 K.
1.8. Potential Energy
1.8.1. Potential energy is stored energy inside particles because of their interactions. The farther apart the particles are, the more potential energy they have.
1.9. Temperature
1.9.1. The temperature of a substance depends on the amount of kinetic energy in the particles. The kinetic energy in the particles, the higher the temperature in the substance.
1.10. Matter
1.10.1. Matter is made up of particles that has three states. Solids, liquids, and gas. Matter is all around us.
1.11. Thermal Energy
1.11.1. Thermal energy is the motion of particles and the distance and attractions the particles have. It also depends on the state of the substance with both kinetic and potential energies.
1.12. Compound
1.12.1. A compound is elements bonded together. There has to be at least two or more for it to be a compound.
1.13. Substances
1.13.1. Substances are made from atoms. They are matter with a composition that never changes. Click on the link.
1.14. Elements
1.14.1. An element is a type of substance that is made up of only one kind of atom.
1.15. Molecule
1.15.1. A molecule is an element that has a specific compound ratio. Water's compund is two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom which we call a molecule of water.
1.16. Element Symbols
1.16.1. Elements have one letter or two letters in their symbol. Most of them come from Latin terms. An element can be determined by how many protons it has.
1.17. Volume Temperature Law
1.17.1. The volume of a gas increases if the temperature is increasing. The volume of a gas can also decrease if the temperature is decreasing. The gas particles move faster when there's more energy is the reason for this.
1.18. Chemical Formula
1.18.1. This is a group of chemical symbols and numbers that show the elements and how many atoms in each element that make a compund. If it only has 1 or less capital letters, it isn't a chemical formula.
1.19. Periodic Table of Elements
1.19.1. The periodic table of elements is a table used to organize elements. Scientists are still discovering brand new elements today.
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2.1. Molecules
2.1.1. Molecules are a group of atoms that are held togetherby chemical bonds and act as a unit. A molecule is also a set of compounds with at least 2 elements combined.
2.2. Nonmetal Gases
2.2.1. A lot of nometals are gases at room temperature. They can be individual atoms or diatomic molecules. They also can't condcut electricity or thermal energy. They have high potential and kinetic energy.
2.3. Nonmetal Solids
2.3.1. These are individual atoms that arre connected to form an extended structure. They are very poor conductors of electricity and thermal energy. They also have low potential and kinetic energy.
2.4. Metals
2.4.1. Metals are solids at room temperature. Most of them are shiny and malleable so they can slide past each other without getting destroyed. They allow electric and thermal energy to move in between them. Also, metals tend to have extremely high boiling and melting points.
2.5. Ionic Compounds
2.5.1. Ionic compounds are bonds that form between atoms of opposite charges. This happens an electron leaves an element to join another one.
2.6. Covalent Compounds
2.6.1. These share electrons together instead of giving them away.
2.7. Polar Covalent Compounds
2.7.1. Polar covalent compounds are compounds that have side with a positive charge and one side with a negative charge, like water. This is how compounds can stick together like magnets.
2.8. Nonpolar Covalent Compounds
2.8.1. These compounds are neutral with their charge differences and also don't pull in one direction or another. I couldn't find a great video on just nonpolar compounds.
2.9. Dissolving
2.9.1. Polar molecules dissolve with polar molecules and it's the same thing for nonpolar molecules. But, like oil and water, polar molecules and nonpolar molecules don't dissolve with the other.
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3.1. Alfred Wegener
3.1.1. A scientist that hypothesized continental drift.
3.2. Pangea
3.2.1. A supercontinent which drifted apart into our seven continents today.
3.3. Continental Drift
3.3.1. Earth's continents have slowly been moving.
3.4. Rock Formation Evidence
3.4.1. Big geologic structures were seperated during continental drift. evidence of this is that volcanic rocks showed identical chemistry and age. More evidence of this is that volcanic rocks showed identical chemistry and age.
3.5. Glacial Features Evidence
3.5.1. Glacial grooves were found beneath sediments of different continents which shows that they were together at some point.
3.6. Coal Deposit Evidence
3.6.1. There are coal beds under Antartica which shows that it was once a tropical climate. This means that Antartica used to be close to the equator.
3.7. Fossil Evidence
3.7.1. Fossils are shown across continents that are now far apart but were closer together. Some examples of this are glossopteris and reptiles like mesosaurus.
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4.1. Ocean Floor Topography
4.1.1. This is data that about the map of the seafloor. This was made using sonar technology.
4.2. Mid Ocean Ridges
4.2.1. Mountain ranges deep below the Earth's surface.
4.3. Ocean Trenches
4.3.1. These are deep underwater troughs on the seafloor. One example of this is the Mariana Trench.
4.4. Isochron Maps
4.4.1. Maps that show the age of the ocean floor.
4.5. Seafloor Spreading
4.5.1. The process where new oceanic crust forms along mid ocean ridges and is destroyed at ocean trenches.
4.6. Magma
4.6.1. Molten rock below Earth's surface. It is less dense than the surrounding rocks and rises up.
4.7. Lava
4.7.1. Magma that has erupted on the surface of the earth.
4.8. Plate Tectonics
4.8.1. Rigid slabs of rock that is what Earth's surface is made of. They move with respect to one another. Click on link.
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5.1. Convergent Boundary
5.1.1. When two plates move towards each other.
5.2. Divergent Boundary
5.2.1. When two plates move apart from each other.
5.3. Transform Boundary
5.3.1. When two plates slide past each other horizontally.
5.4. Subduction
5.4.1. When the edge of a plate is folding upwards. An example of this is the Andes.
5.5. Fault
5.5.1. A break in Earth's crust in which movement occurs.
5.6. Fault Block Mountains
5.6.1. When plates move apart, it makes the Earth's crust stretch. Mountains can be formed as the plates move farther and farther apart from one another.
5.7. Volcano
5.7.1. A vent in Earth's crust where molten rock flows.
5.8. Volcanic Arc
5.8.1. Volcanoes that emerge as islands which is a curved line that is parallel to a plate boundary.
5.9. Earthquake
5.9.1. Earthquakes are rupture and sudden movement from the Earth's crust. This is from the buildup and release of the stress in the plate boundaries.
5.10. Fault Zone
5.10.1. An area of multiple large broken off pieces of crust along a fault. For example, this is the case with the San Andreas fault.
5.11. Landslide
5.11.1. Rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.
5.12. Tsunami
5.12.1. A wave that forms when an ocean disturbance moves a huge amount of water.
5.13. Impact Crater
5.13.1. When meteoroids from space hit the Earth's surface which leaves behind large impressions.
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6.1. Rock
6.1.1. A naturally occuring solid mixture of minerals, rock fragments, organic matter, or glass.
6.2. Mineral
6.2.1. A naturally occuring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an arrangment of atoms and ions. Click on link.
6.3. Crystallization
6.3.1. The process when particles dissolved in liquid, lava, or magma solidify to form crystals.
6.4. Igneous Extrusive Rock
6.4.1. The rock that forms when lava cools and crystallizes on Earth's surface.
6.5. Igneous Instrusive Rock
6.5.1. The rock that forms when magma cools and crystallizes inside Earth.
6.6. Sedimentary Rock
6.6.1. The rock that forms when sediment becomes thicker through processes of lithification, compaction, and cementation to cement together.
6.7. Lithification
6.7.1. The process where sediment turns into rock.
6.8. Compaction
6.8.1. The process where the weight from layers of sediment forces out fluids which decreases the space between grains.
6.9. Cementation
6.9.1. When minerals dissolved in water crystallize between grains of sediment.
6.10. Metamorphic Rock
6.10.1. The rock that forms when temperature and pressure combine to change the texture, mineral composition, or chemical composition without melting it.
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7.1. Volcano Belts
7.1.1. Volcanoes form at active plate boundaries. There are two major belts. One is the Ring of Fire, and the other is the Alpide belt.
7.2. Hot Spots
7.2.1. Volcanoes not associated with plate boundaries. An example of this is the Hawaiian Islands over the Pacific Plate.
7.3. Mudflows
7.3.1. Melted snow and ice with ash. Sometimes called lahars.
7.4. Lava Flows
7.4.1. Slow moving lava that hardens as it cools down.
7.5. Volcanic Ash
7.5.1. Ash that can disrupt air traffic, damage crops, and majorly effect the air quality.
7.6. Volcanic Gases
7.6.1. Dissolved gases in magma such as sulfur dioxide and tons of CO2.
7.7. Pyroclastic Flows
7.7.1. Fast moving avalanches of hot gas, ash, and rock.
7.8. Predicting Volcanoes - Gas
7.8.1. Gases are collected in vents. Some gases are warnings of a volcano.
7.9. Predicting Volcanoes - Deformation
7.9.1. Ground will begin to change close to eruption.
7.10. Predicting Volcanoes - Ground Vibration
7.10.1. Earthquake is an indicator of an impending implosion.
7.11. Predicting Volcanoes - Remote Sensing
7.11.1. This can show how much heat a volcano is emitting.
7.12. Predicting Volcanoes - Lava Collection
7.12.1. Collection of samples to analyze composition and heat.
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8.1. Natural Resource
8.1.1. Something on Earth that living things need in order to live. Some examples of this could be air or water.
8.2. Ores
8.2.1. Deposits of minerals that are large enough to be mined for a profit. An example of this could be copper.
8.3. Renewable Resources
8.3.1. These resources can be replaced by natural processes in a short amount of time. Some examples of this could be sunlight or air.
8.4. Nonrenewable Resources
8.4.1. Natural resources that are being used up faster than they can be replaced. Some examples of this are fossil fuels and some minerals.
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9.1. Mining
9.1.1. The process when valuable resources are removed from Earth. These resources could be metals or stones.
9.2. Dwindling Deposits
9.2.1. Population growth and industrialization increases the demand for minerals. This is non-renewable so we have a limited amount.
9.3. Mineral Supplies
9.3.1. Supplies for minerals have been prolonged because scientists have found better ways to locate deposits and to extract more minerals from the low grade supplies at hand.
9.4. Fossil Fuel Extraction
9.4.1. Deposits are collected by drilling into the ground. This disturbs habitats and changes the landscape, causing pollution if unregulated.
9.5. Groundwater Overdraft
9.5.1. Where groundwater is withdrawn from aquifers and is unable to be replaced due to excessive pumping.
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10.1. Natural Resource Availability
10.1.1. Natural resources are distributed unevenly around the world. Some countries have more natural resources than others. China has a lot of iron ore and Russia has a lot of timber.
10.2. Synthetic Material Production
10.2.1. Countries that have more natural resources can make more synthetic materials. That is why Taiwan produces computer chips.
10.3. Individual and Societal Impacts
10.3.1. Synthetic material production can change the society that it is manufactured in. An example is ethanol when mixed with gasoline. This allows vehicles to produce less pollution and not depend on petroleum based gasoline.
10.4. By-Products
10.4.1. Secondary products that result from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction. An example is CO2 being a by-product because of an ethonal creation.
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11.1. Producers
11.1.1. Organisms that make their own food or sugar, from sunlight.
11.2. Consumers
11.2.1. Organisms that must eat another organism in order to get their needed energy.
11.3. Primary Consumer
11.3.1. An organism that eats plants.
11.4. Secondary Consumer
11.4.1. An organism that eats the animal that eats the plants.
11.5. Tertiary Consumer
11.5.1. An organism that eats secondary consumers.
11.6. Detritivores
11.6.1. Detritivores break down dead organisms for their own energy. They decompose them and then the chemicals go back into the atmosphere.
11.7. Food Chain
11.7.1. A scienitific model that shows how energy moves through producers and consumers.
11.8. Food Web
11.8.1. Multiple food chains which shows how so many communities are connected in the ecosystem.
11.9. Energy Pyramid/10% Rule
11.9.1. The energy pyrmid shows how much energy is consumed as you go up the pyramid. Only 10% of the energy is avaible for the person on the next step of the energy pyramid.
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12.1. Biosphere
12.1.1. The broadest level of organization that includes all organisms on the planet.
12.2. Biome
12.2.1. Regions on Earth with similar climates.
12.3. Ecosystems
12.3.1. These include all of the organisms, biotic and abiotic, found in a particular place.
12.4. Communities
12.4.1. A community includes all of the interacting living organisms in an area.
12.5. Populations
12.5.1. This includes all members of the same species that live in one place.
12.6. Organism
12.6.1. The simplest level of ecology. Click on link.
12.7. Abiotic
12.7.1. The non-living factors of an environment.
12.8. Biotic
12.8.1. The living components of an environment.
12.9. Limiting Factor
12.9.1. This is what determines how many of a species can be in an area.
12.10. Biotic Potential
12.10.1. Potential growth in perfect conditions with no limiting factors.
12.11. Carrying Capacity
12.11.1. The largest number of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support over time.
12.12. Overpopulation
12.12.1. Population size grows so large that it causes damage to the environment.
12.13. Extinction
12.13.1. Species that has died out when no individuals are left.
12.14. Endangered Species
12.14.1. Species whose population is at risk of extinction.
12.15. Threatened Species
12.15.1. A species that is at risk but not yet endangered.
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13.1. Ecological Succession
13.1.1. The process of one ecological community changing into another.
13.2. Climax Community
13.2.1. A stabe community that no longer goes through any major ecological changes. Click on link.
13.3. Primary Succession
13.3.1. This occurs in new areas of land with little soil or vegetation.
13.4. Secondary Succession
13.4.1. When an ecosystem gets destroyed and needs to restart.
13.5. Eutrophication
13.5.1. When the water becomes nutrient rich from fertilizer runoff.
13.6. Dynamic Equilibrium
13.6.1. The balance between different parts of the ecosystem.
13.7. Resource Extraction
13.7.1. Resources such as water and oil can cause problems from drilling and deforestations.
13.8. Pollution
13.8.1. When containments are brought into an environment and cause negative change.
13.9. Nonnative Species
13.9.1. When a species lives outside its natural range.
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14.1. Jacques Charles
14.1.1. He was a brilliant scientist who figured out the relationship between the temperature and the volume of a gas. Now we call this the Charles Law.
14.2. Volume Temperature Law
14.2.1. The volume of a gas increases if the temperature is increasing. The volume of a gas can also decrease if the temperature is decreasing. The gas particles move faster when there's more energy is the reason for this.
14.3. Thermal Contraction
14.3.1. Thermal contraction is the decrease in volume as the temperature decreases. Click on one link. It's the same video but it applies to both.
14.4. Thermal Expansion
14.4.1. Thermal expansion is the opposite where it's the increase in volume as the temperature increases.
14.5. Heating
14.5.1. This is the transfer of thermal energy from something with a high temperature to something with a low temperature.
14.6. Systems
14.6.1. Systems are a material used in transferring energy. This would be an open system because a closed system doesn't exchange energy with the environment.
14.7. Pressure
14.7.1. Pressure is the amount force applied to an object's surface. When air particles collide around objects, it called air pressure. You can measure pressure in PSI or atm.
14.8. Phase Change
14.8.1. Phase change is when you change states of matter. Like when gas changes to a liquid.
14.9. Melting
14.9.1. Melting is the transition from a solid to a liquid. How this happens the particles in a solid will gain more and more energy and evantually break apart to form a liquid.
14.10. Vaporization
14.10.1. Vaporization is the transition from liquid to a gas. As thermal energy is being added to a liquid, the particles will move faster and faster until they overcomes the forces to form a liquid.
14.11. Freezing
14.11.1. This is the transition from a liquid to solid, which is the opposite of melting. How this happens is thermal energy will be removed which will slow down the particles.
14.12. Condensation
14.12.1. This is the transition from a gas to a liquid. If you remove enough energy from a gas, it will condense to form a liquid. How this happens is the particles will slow down until the forces will push them back together.
14.13. Boiling vs. Evaporation
14.13.1. Evaporation is like vaporization except it only happens at the surface of a liquid. Boiling is when heat makes a liquid change into a gas.
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15.1. Robert Boyle
15.1.1. Robert Boyle was a scientist who discovered the relationship between volume and pressure of gases. Boyles Law states that if the pressure of a gas increases, the volumre decreases and vice versa.
15.2. Boyles Law - Pressure and Volume
15.2.1. When the pressure increases, there is less space to move for the particles and they will collide wiith each other. When the pressure decreases, there is less space to move around and the particles don't collide with each other as often.
15.3. Boyles Law - Number of Particles
15.3.1. When the number of particles increase, the number of collisions will also increase. That will cause the pressure to increase because there is less space between the particles. The pressure decreases when there is less particles and less collisions.
15.4. Boyles Law - Pressure and States of Matter
15.4.1. When you remove air, the pressure decreases because there are less collisions between the particles. This is how a liquid could change into a solid. It's like the deeper you go into the sea the more pressure there is.
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16.1. Qualitative Characteristics
16.1.1. This is a characteristic you can observe. For example, it could be color. Click on link.
16.2. Quantitative Characteristics
16.2.1. This is a characteristic that you can measure. For example, it could be mass. Click on link.
16.3. Mass
16.3.1. Mass is the amount of matter in a substance. Mass is normally measured in kilograms and grams. This is related to how many atoms make up an organism.
16.4. Weight
16.4.1. Weight and mass aren't the same thing. Weight is dependent on its own gravitational force. An object's mass is the same anywhere but and object's weight is different on the moon than on Earth because the gravity is different.
16.5. Volume
16.5.1. Volume is the amount of space a substance takes up. It is size dependent. There's always less volume when something is small. Cubic cenimeters and milliliters are measurements for volume.
16.6. Density
16.6.1. This is the ratio of the mass of an object and its volume. Density is size dependent. Every substance has a different density.
16.7. Chemical Properties
16.7.1. This is a characteristic of matter that can be observed. One example of this can be flammability.
16.8. Flammability
16.8.1. This is the ability of a type of matter to burn easily. Cooking materials are created to resist being burned.
16.9. Oxidation
16.9.1. This is when substances react and turn to rust. A color change usually takes place during these events.
16.10. Reactivity
16.10.1. This is when two substances react with each other to form a brand new substance. This can be done acid which can dissolve.
16.11. Solubility
16.11.1. This is how well something will dissolve with something. For example, polar molecules will dissolve with polar molecules and nonpolar molecules will dissolve with nonpolar molecules.
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17.1. Chemical Changes
17.1.1. A chemical change is how matter changes into another substance with different properties. You see if a chemical change took place if the substance has different colors, odors, or energy.
17.2. Chemical Reactions
17.2.1. Chemical reactions are when new bonds form and old bonds break when two or more substances react together. Click on link.
17.3. Chemical Equations
17.3.1. Chemical equations are just different ways to show chemical changes. It includes a reactant which is the first substances added in a chemical reaction, the product which is what the substances form, and the coefficient whhc is the number placed before or after a chemical formula.
17.4. Reactants
17.4.1. The starting substances in a chemical reaction.
17.5. Products
17.5.1. The substances that are made or come out of the chemical reaction.
17.6. Coefficients
17.6.1. The number placed in front of an element or chemical formula to balance out a chemical equation.
17.7. Antoine Lavoisier
17.7.1. Lavoisier was a scientist that proved that mass was conserved in chemical reactions.
17.8. Law of Conservation of Mass
17.8.1. This law states that the amount of atoms stay the same before and after a chemical reaction. The mass also stays the same.
17.9. Atomic Mass
17.9.1. Atomic mass an elements mass which is shown with the amount of protons and neutrons that make it up. For example, carbon has an atomic mass of 12 because it has six protons and six neutrons.
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18.1. Chemical Potential Energy
18.1.1. Chemical potential energy is when energy is released when atoms form bonds. The amount of it depends on the type of the bond.
18.2. Endothermic Reaction
18.2.1. Endothermic reactions are chemical reactions where more energy is needed to break the bond of the reactants than the amount of energy that's released when products form. This is also when heat is absorbed and the product feels cold.
18.3. Exothermic Reaction
18.3.1. Exothermic reactions are chemical reactions where more energy is released when products form than the energy needed to break the bonds of the reactants. Energy is released during these reactions. This is when heat is released but the product feels hot.
18.4. Concentration in Reactions
18.4.1. Increasing the concentration in reactions increases the amount of collisions between the particles which increases the speed of the reaction rate.
18.5. Law of Conservation of Energy
18.5.1. This law states that energy can't be made or destroyed but can be transferred.
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19.1. Physical Weathering
19.1.1. This is when rocks break into pieces which changes their size and shape but not their composition.
19.2. Frost Wedging
19.2.1. Frost wedging is freezing and thawing that causes the expansion and contraction of rocks which leads to them breaking. Click on link.
19.3. Plant Action
19.3.1. When the root system in plants increases in volume and causes cracks in the rock to expand.
19.4. Abrasion
19.4.1. When ice, water, or wind causes sediments to collide with other rocks.
19.5. Wind Abrasion
19.5.1. When rock is slowly weathered down in arid environments.
19.6. Water Abrasion
19.6.1. When round fragments are produced in moist and humid climates.
19.7. Glacial Abrasion
19.7.1. When sediments are trapped within ice and scratch against the bedrock.
19.8. Chemical Weathering
19.8.1. When agents of weathering chemically change the composition of a rock.
19.9. Oxidation
19.9.1. When oxygen combines with minerals to form oxides which softens the rocks.
19.10. Hydrolysis
19.10.1. When minerals absorb water and chemically change the composition of the material.
19.11. Carbonation
19.11.1. When pollutants mix with rain water which creates acid rain. This can dissolve limestone.
19.12. Erosion
19.12.1. The process where the products of weathering are transported from place to place.
19.13. Deposition
19.13.1. The laying down or settiling of eroded material.
19.14. Small Scale Erosion
19.14.1. Small amounts of sediment moving constantly to provide ecosystem stability.
19.15. Surface Runoff
19.15.1. When water flows over the Earth's surface.
19.16. Coastal Erosion
19.16.1. When waves and wind take away beach, dunes, and vegetation.
19.17. Large Scale Erosion
19.17.1. Movements of large amounts of sediment which can wipe out ecosystems so new ones can grow.
19.18. Mass Wasting
19.18.1. When a large mass of sediment or rock moves down a down a slope due to gravity.
19.19. Glacial Movement
19.19.1. Huge blocks of ice that slowly move across land.
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20.1. Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries
20.1.1. Earthquakes result from the buildup and release of stress along active plate boundaries. An example of this is if you bent a stick until it broke.
20.2. Richter Magnitude Scale
20.2.1. A numerical rating system that measures the energy or magnitude of seismic waves that an earthquake produces. Click on link.
20.3. Earthquake Magnitude Scale
20.3.1. The Ritcher scale starts at 0 and has no upper limit. Each increase of 1 on the scale results in the earthquake being 10 times more powerful than the previous number.
20.4. Moment Magnitude Scale
20.4.1. A rating scale that measures the energy released by an earthquake. What's measured is the size, motion, and strength of the fault.
20.5. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
20.5.1. This measures an earthquake's intensity based off of how the earthquake effected people and structures.
20.6. Pancaking
20.6.1. Supporting walls of the ground floor of a building fail and cause the upper floors to collapse.
20.7. Liquefaction
20.7.1. Soil under the buldings causes the building to sink into it and collapse.
20.8. Landslide
20.8.1. Rapid downhill movement of soil, loose rocks, and boulders.
20.9. Tsunami
20.9.1. A large ocean wave generated by vertical motion of the seafloor during an earthquake.
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21.1. Hurricane
21.1.1. An intense tropical storm with winds exceeding 119 km/h. Normally starts on the west coast of Northern Africa.
21.2. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale
21.2.1. A scale based off of the wind strength and damage caused by hurricanes. Ranks from category one to category five.
21.3. Tornado
21.3.1. Violent whirling column of air in contact with the ground. They're commonly found in the U.S.
21.4. Enhanced Fujita Damage Intensity Scale
21.4.1. A scale developed to classify tornadoes based on the damage they cause. It's on a scale of 0 to 5.
21.5. Flood
21.5.1. This happens when a large volume of water overflows its boundaries. Large storms or persistent rains can cause this.
21.6. Drought
21.6.1. An extended period of well below average rainfall. Common in the summertime due to the heat. Click on link.
21.7. Drought Hazard - Soil Erosion
21.7.1. If plants die because of a lack of water, the top layer of soil can be removed by the wind.
21.8. Drought Hazard - Wildfires
21.8.1. Lightning strikes can start these during dry conditions. This causes a lot of damage to the ecosystems.
21.9. Drought Hazard - Decrease in Water Supply
21.9.1. Water levels in streams, rivers, and reservoirs will shrink during times of drought.
21.10. Drought Hazard - Agricultural Impact
21.10.1. Dry conditions cause limited water supply for animals and crop irrigation. This can affect harvests and food prices.
21.11. Meteorologists
21.11.1. Scientists who study weather.
22. U:3 M:1 L:2
22.1. Hydrothermal Deposits
22.1.1. Deposits for metallic minerals that are associated with plate tectonics. They form when minerals crystallize from fluids and they're located near subduction zones.
22.2. Subduction Zones
22.2.1. Areas where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another.
22.3. Distribution of Minerals
22.3.1. Deposits form at the bottom of the ocean floor with rocks that are uplifted to become dry land. These minerals take generations to form.
22.4. Soil
22.4.1. Loose, weathered material that comes from the breakdown of rocks.
22.5. 5 Factors of Soil Formation
22.5.1. Parent material, climate, topography, living things, and time are the five factors of soil formation.
22.6. Formation of Coal
22.6.1. Coal comes from dead plants that are buried to the ground and compacted into dense, hard material.
22.7. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas
22.7.1. Oil and natural gas comes from dead animals that are buried into the ground and broken down. The liquids left behind are oil. The oil can turn into gas underneath the surface if greater pressure is applied.
22.8. Porosity
22.8.1. The amount of pore space in a material.
22.9. Permeability
22.9.1. The measure of water's ability to flow through sediment and rock is called permeability.
22.10. Groundwater
22.10.1. Freshwater beneath the Earth's surface.
22.11. Groundwater Distribution
22.11.1. Supplies are limited to the water cycle with rainfall bringing water from large oceans. This is based on where it rains, where it flows, and what kind of soil it settles onto.
23. U:3 M:2 L:1
23.1. Material
23.1.1. Matter from which a substance can be made.
23.2. Natural Material
23.2.1. Physical matter that is obtained from plants, animals, or the ground.
23.3. Synthetic Material
23.3.1. Created in a chemical lab or factory through chemical reactions.
23.4. Reactants to Products
23.4.1. All synthetic materials are the results of chemical reactions. An example of this is polymerization.
24. U:4 M:1 L:1
24.1. Photosynthesis
24.1.1. Series of chemical reactions that will convert light into water, CO2, and light into sugar and oxygen.
24.2. Epidermal Leaf Cells
24.2.1. The outer most layer of the plant cells is called the epidermal layer.
24.3. Cuticle
24.3.1. The outer layer of leaf cells produces a waxy covering called the cuticle.
24.4. Stomata
24.4.1. This is found on the bottom of plant leaves. The stomata lets CO2, water vapor, and oxygen have a passage.
24.5. Mesophyll Cells
24.5.1. There are two kinds of these cells. Palisade at the top and spongy in the spaces below.
24.6. Chloroplasts
24.6.1. The organelles of the plant cells that are responsible for absorbing light. Click on link.
24.7. Chlorophyll A and B
24.7.1. Pigments that are responsible for absorbing light.
24.8. Light Cycle
24.8.1. 1. During the daytime, light is absorbed by chlorophyll A and B, found in chloroplasts, found in leaf cells, on the plant. 2. The light absorbed is used to split water, H2O, into hydrogen and oxygen. 3. The oxygen is released by the plant, it is a waste product for them. 4. The hydrogen is stored as energy, to be used at night time.
24.9. Night Cycle
24.9.1. 1. The energy stored during the day time, in the form of Hydrogen, is used. 2.The gas CO2, is modified and turned into a solid form of sugar because of this energy that was gathered during the day time.
24.10. Different Sugars
24.10.1. What kind of sugar gets made depends on the kind of plant. Glucose is the most common sugar.
24.11. Cellular Respiration
24.11.1. The process of taking sugar found in your food and turning them into energy called ATP.
24.12. Glycolysis
24.12.1. The first step in the process of cellular respiration.
24.13. Mitochondria
24.13.1. The powerhouse of the cell.
24.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation
24.14.1. Fermentation in animals will create energy and a byproduct called lactic acid.
24.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation
24.15.1. Fermentation by plant cells will create ethanol, which is used in many different drinks.
25. U:4 M:1 L:3
25.1. Carbon Cycle: Cellular Respiration
25.1.1. Carbon breathed out as CO2.
25.2. Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis
25.2.1. Carbon made into sugar.
25.3. Carbon Cycle: Sedimentation
25.3.1. Carbon skeletons compressed into rock.
25.4. Carbon Cycle: Decomposition
25.4.1. Carbon breaks down into fossil fuels.
25.5. Carbon Cycle: Fossil Fuels
25.5.1. Dead animals/trees with carbon.
25.6. Carbon Cycle: Combustion
25.6.1. Release carbon from fossil fuels as CO2.
25.7. Water Cycle: Evaporation/Transpiration
25.7.1. Water turns from a liquid into a gas.
25.8. Water Cycle: Condensation
25.8.1. Water forms clouds in the air.
25.9. Water Cycle: Precipitation
25.9.1. Water comes back down from rain/snow.
25.10. Water Cycle: Run Off
25.10.1. Water hits mountains and carves rivers, flows into lakes or oceans.
25.11. Water Cycle: Seepage
25.11.1. Water is absorbed into the ground.
25.12. Oxygen Cycle: Cellular Respiration
25.12.1. Animals breathe in oxygen, release CO2.
25.13. Oxygen Cycle: Photosynthesis
25.13.1. Plants absorb CO2, release oxygen.
25.14. Nitrogen Cycle: Precipitation
25.14.1. Water brings N2 as a gas to the ground in water.
25.15. Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrogen Fixation
25.15.1. Bacteria take N2 from rain, and make it into ammonia.
25.16. Nitrogen Cycle: Ammonification
25.16.1. Bacteria turn ammonia into nitrite.
25.17. Nitrogen Cycle: Nitrification
25.17.1. Bacteria turn nitrites into nitrates.
25.18. Nitrogen Cycle: Assimilation
25.18.1. Plants take up the fertilizer.
25.19. Nitrogen Cycle: Denitrification
25.19.1. Bacteria turns nitrates into gas N2.
26. U:4 M:2 L:2
26.1. Symbiosis
26.1.1. A close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of some sorts.
26.2. Commensalism
26.2.1. When one species benefits from a relationship and the other species is unaffected.
26.3. Parasitism
26.3.1. A relationship where one species benefits and another is harmed.
26.4. Mutualism
26.4.1. The relationship where both organisms benefit.
26.5. Cooperative Relationships
26.5.1. The relationship of species interacting with each other.
26.6. Competitive Relationship
26.6.1. When organisms compete for resources in their habitat.
26.7. Predator-Prey Relationship
26.7.1. When one species consumes another.