1. unit two
1.1. module one
1.1.1. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lesson 1
1.1.1.1. Alfred Wegener
1.1.1.1.1. Pangea
1.1.1.1.2. Continental Drift
1.1.1.2. Rock formation evidence
1.1.1.3. Glacial features evidence
1.1.1.4. Coal Deposit Evidence
1.1.1.5. Fossil Evidence
1.1.2. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lesson 2
1.1.2.1. Plate Tectonics
1.1.2.1.1. Mid Ocean Ridges
1.1.2.1.2. Ocean Floor Topography
1.1.2.1.3. Ocean Trenches
1.1.2.2. Isochron Maps
1.1.2.3. Seafloor Spreading
1.1.2.3.1. Magma
1.1.2.3.2. Lava
1.1.3. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lesson 3
1.1.3.1. boundary
1.1.3.1.1. Convergent Boundary
1.1.3.1.2. Divergent Boundary
1.1.3.1.3. Transform Boundaries
1.1.3.2. Fold Mountains
1.1.3.3. Subduction
1.1.3.4. Fault
1.1.3.4.1. Fault Block Mountains
1.1.3.5. Volcano
1.1.3.6. Volcanic Arc
1.1.3.7. Earthquake
1.1.3.8. Fault Zone
1.1.3.9. Landslide
1.1.3.10. Tsunami
1.1.3.11. Impact Craters
1.1.4. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lesson 4
1.1.4.1. Physical Weathering
1.1.4.1.1. Frost wedging
1.1.4.1.2. Plant Action
1.1.4.1.3. Abrasion
1.1.4.1.4. Chemical Weathering
1.1.4.1.5. Oxidation
1.1.4.1.6. Hydrolysis
1.1.4.1.7. Carbonation
1.1.4.1.8. Erosion
1.1.4.1.9. Deposition
1.1.4.1.10. Surface runoff
1.1.4.1.11. Coastal Erosion
1.1.4.1.12. Mass Wasting
1.1.4.1.13. Glacial Movement
1.1.5. Unit 2 - Module 1 - Lesson 5
1.1.5.1. rocks
1.1.5.2. Mineral
1.1.5.3. Crystallization
1.1.5.4. Igneous extrusive rock
1.1.5.5. Igneous intrusive rock
1.1.5.6. Sedimentary rock
1.1.5.7. Lithification
1.1.5.8. Compaction
1.1.5.9. Cementation
1.1.5.10. Metamorphic rock
1.2. module two
1.2.1. Unit 2 - Module 2 - Lesson 1
1.2.1.1. Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries
1.2.1.2. Richter Magnitude Scale
1.2.1.3. Earthquake Magnitude
1.2.1.4. Moment Magnitude Scale
1.2.1.5. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale
1.2.1.6. Structural Failure
1.2.1.6.1. Pancaking
1.2.1.6.2. ( Building Height)
1.2.1.7. Liquefaction
1.2.1.8. Landslide
1.2.1.9. Tsunami
1.2.2. Unit 2 - Module 2 - Lesson 2
1.2.2.1. Volcano Belts
1.2.2.1.1. Hot Spots
1.2.2.2. volcanic Hazard - Mudflows
1.2.2.3. Volcanic Hazard - Lava Flows
1.2.2.4. Volcanic Hazard - Volcanic Ash
1.2.2.5. Volcanic Hazard - Volcanic Gases
1.2.2.6. Volcanic Hazard - Landslides
1.2.2.7. Volcanic Hazard - Pyroclastic Flows
1.2.2.8. Predicting Volcanoes - Gas
1.2.2.9. Predicting Volcanoes - Deformation
1.2.2.10. Predicting Volcanoes - Ground Vibration
1.2.2.11. Predicting Volcanoes - Remote Sensing
1.2.2.12. Predicting Volcanoes - Lava Collection
1.2.3. Unit 2 - Module 2 - Lesson 3
1.2.3.1. Hurricane
1.2.3.2. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane scale
1.2.3.3. Drought
1.2.3.3.1. Drought Hazards - Soil Erosion
1.2.3.3.2. Drought Hazards - Wildfires
1.2.3.3.3. Drought Hazards - Decrease in water supply
1.2.3.3.4. Drought Hazards - Agricultural Impact
1.2.3.4. Enhanced Fujita Damage Intensity Scale
1.2.3.5. Tornado
1.2.3.6. Flood
1.2.3.7. Meteorologist
2. unit one
2.1. Module one
2.1.1. Unit 1 - Module 1 - Lesson 1 vocab
2.1.1.1. energy
2.1.1.1.1. kinetic energy
2.1.1.1.2. Potential Energy
2.1.1.1.3. Thermal Energy
2.1.1.2. matter
2.1.1.2.1. solid
2.1.1.2.2. liquid
2.1.1.2.3. gas
2.1.1.3. Atoms
2.1.1.3.1. Substances
2.1.1.3.2. Elements
2.1.1.3.3. Compound
2.1.1.3.4. Molecule
2.1.1.4. Thermometer
2.1.1.4.1. temperture
2.1.2. Unit 1 - Module 1 - Lesson 2 vocab
2.1.2.1. Jacques Charles
2.1.2.2. Volume Temperature Law
2.1.2.3. Heating
2.1.2.3.1. Thermal Contraction
2.1.2.3.2. Thermal expansion
2.1.2.3.3. Systems
2.1.2.4. Pressure
2.1.2.5. Phase Change
2.1.2.5.1. Melting
2.1.2.5.2. Freezing
2.1.2.5.3. Vaporization
2.1.2.5.4. Condensation
2.1.2.6. Boiling vs. Evaporation
2.1.3. Unit 1 - Module 1 - Lesson 3 vocab
2.1.3.1. Robert Boyle
2.1.3.2. Pressure and Volume - Boyles Law
2.1.3.3. Pressure and Number of particles
2.1.3.4. Pressure and State of Matter
2.1.4. Unit 1 - Module 1 - Lesson 4 vocab
2.1.4.1. Molecules
2.1.4.1.1. Nonmetal Gases
2.1.4.1.2. Nonmetals Solids
2.1.4.1.3. Metals
2.1.4.2. compounds
2.1.4.2.1. Ionic Compounds
2.1.4.2.2. Covalent Compounds
2.1.4.2.3. Polar Covalent Compounds
2.1.4.2.4. Nonpolar Covalent Compounds
2.1.4.3. Dissolving
2.2. Module two
2.2.1. Unit 1 - Module 2 - Lesson 1 - Vocabulary Terms
2.2.1.1. Qualitative Characteristics
2.2.1.2. Quantitative characteristics
2.2.1.3. Density
2.2.1.3.1. Volume
2.2.1.3.2. Weight
2.2.1.3.3. Mass
2.2.1.3.4. Density and States of Matter
2.2.1.3.5. Calculating Density
2.2.1.4. Chemical Properties
2.2.1.4.1. Flammability
2.2.1.4.2. Oxidation
2.2.1.4.3. Reactivity
2.2.1.5. Conductivity
2.2.1.5.1. ..
2.2.1.6. Solubility
2.2.2. Unit 1 - Module 2 - Lesson 2
2.2.2.1. Chemical Change
2.2.2.2. Chemical Reaction
2.2.2.3. chemical Equations
2.2.2.3.1. Reactants
2.2.2.3.2. Products
2.2.2.3.3. Coefficient
2.2.2.4. Antoine Lavoisier
2.2.2.5. Atomic Mass
2.2.2.6. Law of conservation of mass
2.2.3. Unit 1 - Module 2 - Lesson 3
2.2.3.1. Chemical Potential Energy
2.2.3.2. Endothermic Reactions
2.2.3.3. Exothermic Reaction
2.2.3.4. Concentrations in reactions
2.2.3.5. Law of conservation of energy
3. unit three
3.1. module one
3.1.1. lesson one
3.1.1.1. Natural Resource
3.1.1.2. ores
3.1.1.3. Renewable resources
3.1.1.4. Nonrenewable resources
3.1.2. lesson two
3.1.2.1. Hydrothermal deposits
3.1.2.2. Subduction Zones
3.1.2.3. Distribution of minerals
3.1.2.4. soil
3.1.2.5. 5 Factors of soil formation
3.1.2.6. Formation of Coal
3.1.2.7. Formation of Oil and Natural Gas
3.1.2.8. Porosity
3.1.2.9. Permeability
3.1.2.10. Groundwater
3.1.2.11. Groundwater distribution
3.1.3. lesson three
3.1.3.1. Mineral Supplies
3.1.3.2. Dwindling Deposits
3.1.3.3. Fossil Extraction
3.1.3.4. Groundwater overdraft
3.1.3.5. mining
3.2. module two
3.2.1. lesson one
3.2.1.1. Material
3.2.1.1.1. Natural Material
3.2.1.1.2. Synthetic Material
3.2.1.2. Reactants to Products
3.2.2. lesson two
3.2.2.1. Natural Resource Availability
3.2.2.2. Synthetic Material Production
3.2.2.3. Individual and Societal impacts
3.2.2.4. By-products
4. unit 4
4.1. lesson 1
4.1.1. Photosynthesis:
4.1.1.1. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds. It is crucial for maintaining life on Earth as it produces food and oxygen 12.
4.1.2. Epidermal Leaf Cells:
4.1.2.1. Epidermal cells include several types of cells that make up the epidermis of plants. Their primary role is to protect the plant from various harmful factors, including microbes, chemical compounds, and ultraviolet light. These cells are situated close together to prevent water loss. The epidermis covers the seeds, stem, root, and leaves of a plant 34.
4.1.3. Cuticle:
4.1.3.1. The cuticle is the outermost layer of the epidermis in plants. It consists of a thin, waxy film on the external surface of leaves. The cuticle helps reduce water loss from the leaf 5.
4.1.4. Stomata:
4.1.4.1. Stomata are microscopic openings or pores in the epidermis of leaves and young stems. They allow for the exchange of gases (such as oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the internal air spaces of the leaf and the atmosphere 6.
4.1.5. Mesophyll Cells:
4.1.5.1. Mesophyll cells make up the mesophyll layer in leaves. They contain chloroplasts and are the primary site of photosynthesis in green plants. The mesophyll layer is situated between the leaf’s two epidermal layers 7.
4.1.6. Chloroplasts:
4.1.6.1. Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles found in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll and are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy 1.
4.1.7. Chlorophyll A and B:
4.1.7.1. These are pigments present in chloroplasts that absorb light during photosynthesis. Chlorophyll A absorbs mainly blue and red light, while chlorophyll B absorbs blue and red-orange light 1.
4.1.8. Light Cycle:
4.1.8.1. The light cycle is the phase of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy 1.
4.1.9. Night Cycle:
4.1.9.1. During the night, photosynthesis does not occur. Instead, cellular respiration takes place, releasing energy from stored organic compounds 1.
4.1.10. Different Sugars:
4.1.10.1. Various types of carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis, including glucose, fructose, and sucrose.
4.1.11. Cellular Respiration:
4.1.11.1. Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down organic molecules (such as glucose) to release energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) 1.
4.1.12. Glycolysis:
4.1.12.1. Glycolysis is the initial step of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is broken down into pyruvate molecules 1.
4.1.13. Mitochondria:
4.1.13.1. Mitochondria are organelles responsible for cellular respiration. They produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation 1.
4.1.14. Lactic Acid Fermentation:
4.1.14.1. Lactic acid fermentation is an anaerobic process where pyruvate is converted into lactic acid, often occurring in muscle cells during intense exercise.
4.1.15. Ethanol Alcohol Fermentation:
4.1.15.1. Ethanol alcohol fermentation is another anaerobic process where pyruvate is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide, commonly used in yeast during fermentation.
4.2. lesson 2
4.2.1. Producers:
4.2.1.1. Producers are organisms (usually plants) that produce their own food through photosynthesis.
4.2.2. Consumers:
4.2.2.1. Consumers are organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms (plants or animals).
4.2.3. Primary Consumer:
4.2.3.1. Primary consumers directly feed on producers (herbivores).
4.2.4. Secondary Consumer:
4.2.4.1. Secondary consumers feed on primary consumers (carnivores or omnivores).
4.2.5. Tertiary Consumer:
4.2.5.1. Tertiary consumers feed on secondary consumers (top carnivores).
4.2.6. Detritivores:
4.2.6.1. Detritivores feed on dead organic matter (detritus).
4.2.7. Food Chain:
4.2.7.1. A food chain is a linear sequence showing the transfer of energy from one organism to another through feeding relationships.
4.2.8. Food Web:
4.2.8.1. A food web is a complex network of interconnected food chains in an ecosystem.
4.2.9. Energy Pyramid:
4.2.9.1. An energy pyramid is a graphical
4.3. lesson 3
4.3.1. Cellular Respiration:
4.3.1.1. Cellular respiration is the process by which living organisms, including plants and animals, convert organic molecules (such as glucose) into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves several stages, including glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (TCA cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. The end products are ATP, carbon dioxide (CO₂), and water 12.
4.3.2. Photosynthesis:
4.3.2.1. Photosynthesis is the remarkable process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy (usually from sunlight) into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms use carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) to produce glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and release oxygen (O₂). This process is essential for maintaining life on Earth, as it provides food and oxygen 34.
4.3.3. Sedimentation:
4.3.3.1. Sedimentation is the process of depositing sediment (solid material) from a fluid (such as water or air). It occurs when particles settle out of suspension and accumulate at the bottom of a liquid or on a surface. Sedimentation plays a crucial role in geological processes, including the formation of sedimentary rocks 5.
4.3.4. Decomposition:
4.3.4.1. Decomposition is the natural process by which dead organic substances (such as plants, animals, and other organic matter) are broken down into simpler compounds. This process involves the action of microorganisms (such as bacteria and fungi) that release nutrients and energy from organic material. Decomposition is essential for recycling nutrients and maintaining ecosystems 67.
4.3.5. Fossil Fuels:
4.3.5.1. Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon-containing materials derived from the remains of ancient plants and animals. They include coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas. These fuels formed over millions of years from organic matter that accumulated and underwent chemical changes. Fossil fuels are burned for energy, but their use contributes to environmental issues such as greenhouse gas emissions 89.
4.3.6. Combustion:
4.3.6.1. Combustion is the chemical process of burning a substance in the presence of oxygen. During combustion, energy is released in the form of heat and light. Fossil fuels undergo combustion when they are burned for energy production. However, this process also produces pollutants, including carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) 9.
4.3.7. Evaporation / Transpiration:
4.3.7.1. Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid state to a vapor or gas state, usually from the Earth’s surface (such as lakes, rivers, and oceans) into the atmosphere due to solar energy.
4.3.7.2. Transpiration is the release of water vapor (gas) from plant leaves. It occurs when plants take up liquid water from the soil and release water vapor into the air through tiny pores called stomata on their leaves. Together, evaporation and transpiration contribute to the movement of water from the land surface to the atmosphere 12.
4.3.8. Condensation:
4.3.8.1. Condensation is the process by which a vapor (such as water vapor) changes into a liquid state. It occurs when warm air cools down, causing water vapor to condense into tiny droplets or ice crystals. Examples include dew forming on grass in the morning or clouds forming in the atmosphere 34.
4.3.9. Precipitation:
4.3.9.1. Precipitation refers to any form of water (liquid or solid) that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface. It includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail. Precipitation is a crucial part of the water cycle, replenishing freshwater sources 5.
4.3.10. Run Off:
4.3.10.1. Runoff is the movement of water (usually rainwater) across the land surface, eventually flowing into streams, rivers, and other bodies of water. It occurs when the ground is saturated or impermeable, preventing water from being absorbed into the soil. Runoff carries nutrients, sediments, and pollutants from the land to aquatic ecosystems 6.
4.3.11. Seepage:
4.3.11.1. Seepage refers to the slow movement of water through porous materials (such as soil, rock, or concrete). It occurs when water infiltrates the ground and gradually moves downward. Seepage can also refer to water oozing out from cracks or openings in structures or natural formations 7.
4.3.12. Cellular Respiration:
4.3.12.1. Cellular respiration is the process by which living organisms, including plants and animals, convert organic molecules (such as glucose) into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves several stages 1.
4.3.13. Photosynthesis:
4.3.13.1. Photosynthesis is the remarkable process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy (usually from sunlight) into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, these organisms use carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and release oxygen. It is essential for maintaining life on Earth 5.
4.3.14. Nitrogen Fixation:
4.3.14.1. The process that converts atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into a form that organisms can use, such as ammonia (NH₃) or related nitrogenous compounds.
4.3.15. Ammonification:
4.3.15.1. The conversion of organic nitrogen (found in compounds within living organisms) into inorganic ammonia (NH₃) or ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) by decomposers.
4.3.16. Nitrification:
4.3.16.1. The biological oxidation of ammonia (NH₃) to nitrate (NO₃⁻) via the intermediary nitrite (NO₂⁻), facilitated by nitrifying bacteria.
4.3.17. Assimilation:
4.3.17.1. The process through which individuals and groups acquire the basic habits, attitudes, and mode of life of an embracing culture.
4.3.18. Denitrification:
4.3.18.1. The loss or removal of nitrogen or nitrogen compounds, specifically the reduction of nitrates or nitrites by bacteria (usually in soil), often resulting in the escape of nitrogen into the air.