1. Critisicms of the church
1.1. Reformers
1.1.1. Lutheranism
1.1.1.1. Martin Luther
1.1.1.1.1. German Monk
1.1.1.1.2. German Priest
1.1.1.1.3. Professor of Theology
1.1.1.1.4. University Lecturer
1.1.1.1.5. Wrote 95 Theses
1.1.1.2. Travelled through books to trading areas
1.1.1.3. Unpopular with noblility
1.1.1.4. German heresy
1.1.1.5. Justification by faith alone (Sola Fide)
1.1.1.6. Against Transubstantiation
1.1.1.6.1. Believed bread and wine in sacramental union with body and blood
1.1.2. William Tyndale
1.1.2.1. English Heretic
1.1.2.2. Translated the Bible into English for the first time and printed it.
1.1.2.3. Caught by Thomas More's agents in exile in The Netherlands and was executed
1.1.3. Ulrich Zwingli
1.1.3.1. Parish Priest
1.1.3.2. He believed only God's grace can save you from Hell (Sola Fide)
1.1.3.3. He said that the symbol of reformation was a sausage (and that it wasn't in the bible)
1.1.3.4. He rewrote the 10 commandments
1.1.3.5. He took down all images of the saint
1.1.3.6. He banned music for 50 years (Beauty distract you from God)
1.1.3.7. He removed the High Altar
1.1.4. John Calvin
1.1.4.1. French
1.1.4.2. Catholic Prosecution
1.1.4.3. Geneva became the protestant Rome
1.1.4.4. He thought women should stay in their place
1.1.4.5. He wrote the Geneva Bible in English
1.1.4.5.1. Act of Heresy
1.1.4.5.2. It had notes on how to read it
1.1.4.5.3. The psalms were written to be jolly
1.1.5. Lollards
1.1.5.1. John Wycliffe
1.1.5.1.1. 14th Century Clergyman
1.1.5.1.2. Author of Summa Theologica
1.1.5.1.3. Believed that the bible should be the basis of belief and read by all in English
1.1.5.1.4. He supported Erastianism
1.1.5.1.5. He denied Transubstantiation
1.1.5.2. Considered a heresy
1.1.5.3. Popular with craftsmen and merchants
1.1.6. Humanists
1.1.6.1. Erasmus
1.1.6.1.1. Dutch
1.1.6.1.2. Theologician
1.1.6.1.3. Worked on the Christian New Testament
1.1.6.2. Thomas Moore
1.1.6.2.1. Knighthood
1.1.6.2.2. English Humanist
1.1.6.2.3. Wrote Utopia
1.1.6.3. John Colet
1.1.6.3.1. Priest
1.1.6.3.2. English Scholar
1.1.6.3.3. Renaissance Humanist
1.1.7. Luther vs Zwingli
1.1.7.1. Luther thought Zwingli was a wicked and evil man
1.1.7.2. Zwingli didnt understand the importance of some of Luther's plans that kept many Catholics on Luther's side
1.1.7.3. Luther stuck with real physical prescence
1.2. Reformers vs. Reformed
1.2.1. Reformers
1.2.1.1. Protestant
1.2.2. Reformed
1.2.2.1. More extreme Protestant
1.3. Anabaptists
1.3.1. Swiss
1.3.2. Rebaptisers
1.3.3. They baptised themselves in public
1.3.4. drank wine and ate bread without the prescence of a clergyman
2. Definitions of criticisms
2.1. Absenteeism
2.1.1. Absence from a location (work or church) that goes on for longer than what would be considered as a reasonable time due to vacation, personal time or illness
2.2. Pluralism
2.2.1. Holding more than one ecclestical post or office at one time
2.3. Simony
2.3.1. Selling religious posts to make a personal profit
2.4. Nepotism
2.4.1. Unfair usage of power to get jobs or benefits for family or friends
2.5. Tithes
2.5.1. 1/10th of your annual produce or salary given to the church (essentially tax)
2.6. Anti-clericalism
2.6.1. Opposition to religious authority, often in social or political circumastances
3. Parish Churches
3.1. Roles
3.1.1. Church role
3.1.1.1. Protected every soul of those living within the Parish
3.1.1.2. Everyone had to go to church (compulsory)
3.1.2. Clergy
3.1.2.1. Priest
3.1.2.1.1. Conduting services and mass
3.1.2.1.2. Visiting the sick, dieing, elderly or disabled
3.1.2.2. Parish Clerk
3.1.2.2.1. He read the lessons
3.1.2.2.2. Gave out hyms
3.1.2.2.3. Kept the church keys
3.1.2.3. Choir
3.1.2.3.1. The foundation for the hyms to encourage people to join in
3.1.2.3.2. May be chosen to sound like God's angels
3.2. Tombs
3.2.1. The current world was not their real home
3.2.2. The better the tomb the shorter the time in Purgatory
3.3. Chantry chapels
3.3.1. Masses for the dead were performed here
3.4. Saints
3.4.1. Performed miracles
3.4.2. Could directly intervene the life of the living
3.4.3. Some saints had a speciality
3.4.4. Relics
3.4.4.1. They retained supernatural power
3.4.4.2. Many people would interact with the relic by touhing or kissing it
3.4.5. Negative Consequences
3.4.5.1. Household struck by disease
3.4.5.2. Murder
3.5. Trial by Ordeal
3.5.1. Test by Water
3.5.1.1. Floated = Guilty
3.5.1.2. Sank = Innocent
3.5.2. Test by Fire
3.5.2.1. Blisters = Guilty
3.5.2.2. Healed = Innocent
3.6. Pilgrimage
3.6.1. To visit a holy site or to see a holy relic
3.6.2. To pray to a direct connection to holy spirits
3.6.3. To person going on pilgrimage might need to receive a blessing.
3.6.4. To be closer to Saints.
3.7. Features of a Church
3.7.1. Chancel
3.7.1.1. Houses the choir and the alter to stop the public from viewing what happens at the altar
3.7.2. Nave
3.7.2.1. Houses the pews that the laity sit on for the service
3.7.3. Transept
3.7.3.1. Used in the structure of the church which holds up the spire
3.7.3.2. Usually has stained glass windows
3.7.4. Side Chapels
3.7.4.1. Normally off to the side of the church, paid for by the rich
3.7.5. Aisle
3.7.5.1. A passage between the row of seats to allow the priest to walk inbetween
3.7.6. Rood screen
3.7.6.1. A wooden partition that seperates the Chancel from the Nave
3.7.7. Altar
3.7.7.1. Where the bread and wine are blessed to become body and blood of Christ
4. Monastries
4.1. Numbers
4.1.1. By the 13th Century, there were 1000 monastries and religious houses.
4.2. Roles
4.2.1. It was classed as a castle against Satan to protect against the Devil
4.3. Types of Monks
4.3.1. Benidictines
4.3.1.1. Follower of St Benedict
4.3.2. Cluniacs
4.3.2.1. Originated in Cluny Abbey
4.3.3. Cistercian
4.3.3.1. Established in Citeaux in France
4.3.4. Carthusian
4.3.4.1. Originated from the Grande Chartreuse
4.3.5. Nun
4.3.5.1. Would be looking after the sick and elderly and making food in the kitchens
4.4. Areas in a Monastery
4.4.1. Chapel
4.4.1.1. 7 services a day
4.4.2. Cloister
4.4.2.1. Reading, writing and studying
4.4.3. Infirmary
4.4.3.1. To tend to the sick and elderly
4.4.4. Dormitory
4.4.4.1. Had to sleep fully clothed
4.4.5. Refectory
4.4.5.1. Enter in an orderly file
4.4.5.2. To talk during their meal they had to use sign language
4.4.6. Kitchen
4.4.6.1. Meat was only ever given to the sick
4.4.6.2. Diets were basic but monks rarely suffered from famine
4.4.7. Chapter House
4.4.7.1. People go here to follow the prayers of St benedict
4.4.7.2. Higher authority discussed current affairs of the Monastry in this room
5. Key Beliefs
5.1. Holy Scripture
5.1.1. The central source of authority
5.1.2. Sacred and canonical
5.1.3. Only in Latin
5.2. Pope
5.2.1. full & supreme power over the church
5.2.2. Direct representative of God
5.2.3. Catholics believed that he had both spiritual and universal power & authority
5.3. Communion
5.3.1. Spending time with God but also recieving his graces
5.3.2. Sacrificial mass to eat the body and blood of Christ
5.4. Sacraments
5.4.1. 7 sacraments
5.4.2. Created and enforced by Christ
5.4.3. Entrusted to the church
5.4.4. Reduce time in Purgatory
5.5. Clergy
5.5.1. Importance could not be overstated
5.5.2. It followed a priesthood
5.5.3. Clergymen had to be able to read Latin
6. Cardinal Wolsey
6.1. Pluralism
6.1.1. Bishoprics
6.1.1.1. Tournai
6.1.1.2. Bath and Wells
6.1.1.3. Lincoln
6.1.1.4. Durham and Winchester
6.1.2. Abbott
6.1.2.1. St Albans
6.1.3. Cardinal
6.1.3.1. a Latere
6.1.4. Lord High Chancellor
6.1.5. Archbishop
6.1.5.1. York
6.2. Power and Influence
6.2.1. Influence in the Roman Catholic Church
6.2.2. Influence in the feudal System
6.2.3. Pluralism gave him too much power
7. Influence of the English government
7.1. Chancellors had complete authority over the legal system
7.2. Henry VIII used the wealth of the church to influence others
7.3. Reinforcing monarchical authority
7.3.1. Propoganda
7.3.2. Teachings
7.3.3. Punishments
7.3.4. Canon Law (Chruch Law)
7.4. Structure of the Church in England
7.4.1. Episcopal System
7.4.1.1. Monarch
7.4.1.2. Archbishop of Canterbury
7.4.1.3. Archbishop of York
7.4.1.4. Bishops
7.4.1.5. Parish Priests (9000)
7.4.1.6. Other Orders
7.4.1.7. Laity
7.5. Gaining and maintaining wealth
7.5.1. Offered retirement services
7.5.1.1. Donate a chunk of money in exchange for:
7.5.1.1.1. lifetime food and bread
7.5.1.1.2. 3 meals a day
7.5.1.1.3. Free beer
7.5.1.1.4. A cottage to live in
7.5.1.1.5. Immunity from taxation
7.5.1.2. Monastries made a lot of money off of this agreement
7.6. Church courts
7.6.1. People would be tried for moral crimes
7.6.1.1. Failure to attend church
7.6.1.2. Drunkenness
7.6.1.3. Playing games on a Sunday
7.6.2. It was a court solely for religious matters
7.6.3. Ordinaries run church courts
7.6.3.1. Part of the clergy