1. Enzymes
1.1. What are enzymes?
1.1.1. Biological catalyst
1.1.1.1. Because they are naturally occurring molecules found within living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
1.1.1.2. Because they accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for these reactions to occur.
1.2. What do they do?
1.2.1. Catalysis
1.2.1.1. Lowering activation energy, enabling metabolic reactions.
1.2.1.1.1. Substrate Binding: Enzymes possess an active site that selectively binds to the substrate, forming an enzyme-substrate complex.
1.2.1.1.2. Transition State Facilitation: Once bound, enzymes stabilize the transition state of the substrate, reducing the energy needed for the reaction to proceed.
1.2.1.1.3. Product Formation: The catalytic action of enzymes facilitates the conversion of substrates into products. Enzymes do not alter the nature of the products formed and are not consumed in the reaction, allowing them to be reused.
1.3. Models
1.3.1. Lock and Key
1.3.1.1. specific complementary shapes.
1.3.1.1.1. fiits perfectly with the substrate
1.4. Important terms to remember
1.4.1. Substrate
1.4.1.1. upon which an enzyme acts
1.4.2. Active Site
1.4.2.1. that binds to the substrate during a chemical reaction.
1.4.3. Product
1.4.3.1. as a result of the enzyme´s action
1.4.4. Rate of reaction
1.4.4.1. either the disappearence of substrate or the appearence of product in a given time
2. There are different types of inhibition depending on where the inhibitor binds to the enzyme
2.1. Competitive inhibitor
2.1.1. competes with the substrate for binding to the active site of the enzyme
2.1.2. preventing the substrate from binding to the active site
2.2. Non-competitive inhibitor
2.2.1. an allosteric site on the enzyme
2.2.1.1. altering the enzyme shape and reducing its activity
2.2.2. but the binding of the inhibitor decreases the enzymes catalytic activity
2.3. End product inhibition
2.3.1. will bind to the allosteric site, changing the shape of the S-B site
2.3.1.1. the substrate can no longer bind
3. Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions essential for life within living organisms.
3.1. Enzmyes are
3.1.1. specific
3.1.1.1. with a one given type of substrate
3.1.2. affected by extreme temperatures and pH
3.1.2.1. an optimum pH and temperature at which it works best
3.1.2.1.1. At low temperatures
3.1.2.1.2. As temperature increases
3.1.2.1.3. At very high temperatures
3.1.2.1.4. Extreme pH will
3.1.3. are not affected
3.1.3.1. they help take place
3.1.4. affected by
3.1.4.1. toxins, heavy metals, and by + concentrations of salts
3.2. Some enzymes require cofactors to be active
3.2.1. nonprotein component of an enzyme
3.2.1.1. Permanently attached
3.2.1.1.1. called prosthetic group
3.2.1.2. Temporarily attached coenzymes
3.2.1.2.1. detach after a reaction, they also can participate with another enzyme
3.3. Enzyme regulation inside cells
3.3.1. Allosteric Enzymes
3.3.1.1. multiple binding sites
3.3.1.2. at sites distinct from the active site
3.3.1.3. altering enzymatic activity in response to effector molecule binding
4. INHIBITION
5. If all this is related to aerobic respiration, what would be anaerobic respiration?
5.1. Fermentation
5.1.1. absence of oxygen
5.1.2. There are two types
5.1.2.1. Lactic Fermentation
5.1.2.1.1. bacteria and muscle cells
5.1.2.2. Alcoholic Fermentation
5.1.2.2.1. yeast
6. How is ATP obtained?
6.1. Celullar respiration has many stages
6.1.1. Glycolisis
6.1.1.1. ATP and NADH
6.1.1.2. This is the inital stage of cellular respiration
6.1.1.2.1. Cytoplasm
6.2. What are the other stages?
6.2.1. Pyruvate oxidation
6.2.1.1. Glycolisis to the krebs cycle
6.2.1.1.1. pyruvate into Acetyl-CoA
7. The breakdown of the bond between the phosphate groups in ATP
7.1. energy when the cells need it
7.1.1. Mechanical work
7.1.1.1. Muscle contraction in arms and legs
7.1.2. Chemical work
7.1.2.1. Make all the biological molecules that the cell needs to exist and perform
7.1.3. Transport
7.1.3.1. Moving substances within the cell or outside through the cell membrane
7.1.4. As a control of key chemical reactions
7.1.4.1. Some enzymes are activated by the adittion of a phosphate group coming from ATP
8. It consists of three parts
8.1. 5C sugar(ribose)
8.2. Adenine
8.3. 3 phosphate group
9. Celullar Respiration
9.1. What is cellular respiration?
9.1.1. that take place inside cells to obtain chemical energy
9.1.1.1. ATP
9.1.1.1.1. source of energy for use and storage in a cell
9.1.1.1.2. known as nucleotide(monomers that form RNA and DNA)
10. Photosynthesis
10.1. what is this ?
10.1.1. it is a porcess by which geen plants and other organisms use sun light to make food from carbo dioxide and water.
10.1.1.1. it is divided in two
10.1.1.1.1. light dependant reacitons
10.1.1.1.2. the calvin cycle