1. Gas Exchange
1.1. Requirements
1.1.1. Oxygen
1.1.1.1. Respiration
1.1.1.2. Dark Cycle
1.1.2. Carbon Dioxide
1.1.2.1. Photosynthesis
1.1.2.2. Light Cycle
1.2. Conditions
1.2.1. All cells close to air
1.2.2. Diffusion in gas phase
2. Leaves
2.1. Structure
2.1.1. Epidermis
2.1.1.1. Upper
2.1.1.2. Lower
2.1.1.3. Stomata
2.1.2. Palisade Mesophyll
2.1.3. Spongy Mesophyll
2.2. Adaptations for Gas Exchange
2.2.1. Large Surface Area
2.2.2. Many Stomata
2.2.3. Interconnecting Air Spaces
2.3. Adaptations to Reduce Water Loss
2.3.1. Thick Cuticle
2.3.2. Rolling up Leaves
2.3.3. Hairy Leaves
2.3.4. Stomata in Pits
2.3.5. Reduced Leaves
3. Water Transport
3.1. Transpiration
3.1.1. Factors Affecting
3.1.1.1. Light
3.1.1.2. Temperature
3.1.1.3. Humidity
3.1.1.4. Air Movement
3.2. Roots
3.2.1. Root Hairs
3.2.1.1. Adaptations
3.2.1.1.1. Large Surface Area
3.2.1.1.2. Thin Surface Layer
3.2.2. Pathways
3.2.2.1. Apoplastic
3.2.2.2. Symplastic
3.3. Xylem
3.3.1. Casperian Strip
3.3.2. Root Pressure
3.3.2.1. Active Transport
3.3.3. Transpiration Pull
3.3.3.1. Cohesion-Tension Theory
4. Cell Structure
4.1. Cell wall
4.1.1. Structure
4.1.1.1. Polysaccharides
4.1.1.1.1. Cellulose
4.1.1.2. Middle Lamella
4.1.2. Function
4.1.2.1. Support
4.1.2.1.1. Cell
4.1.2.1.2. Plant
4.1.2.2. Movement of water
4.2. Chloroplasts
4.2.1. Structure
4.2.1.1. Envelope
4.2.1.2. Grana
4.2.1.2.1. Thylakoid Disks
4.2.1.3. Stroma
4.2.2. Function
4.2.2.1. Photosynthesis
4.2.2.2. Adaptations
4.2.2.2.1. Large Surface Area
4.2.2.2.2. Enzymes in Stroma
4.2.2.2.3. DNA & ribosomes