1. Core organs
1.1. General Assembly
1.1.1. Subsidiary organs
1.1.1.1. Main committee
1.1.1.2. Commissions ( Peace building commission)
1.1.1.3. Councils ( UNHCR )
1.1.1.4. Joint Inspection units
1.1.1.5. Dispute tribunal
1.1.2. Actors
1.1.2.1. Member states( 193)
1.1.2.2. Non member-states: Vatican, Palestine, Swiss till 2002
1.1.2.3. IGOs with observer status
1.1.2.3.1. Rights to speak n vote on procedural matters
1.1.2.4. EU - enhanced observer status
1.1.2.4.1. Rights to speak n vote on procedural matters + submit/amend proposals
1.1.3. Decision making
1.1.3.1. 2/3 majority : peace security - election of other organ members, new GA members, suspension of membership, Budget
1.1.3.2. Simple majority: procedural other issues
1.1.3.3. Non legally binding political recommendations
1.1.4. UN membership: Case Palestine
1.1.4.1. non state observer since 74'
1.1.4.2. Formal application 2011
1.1.4.3. Secretary General
1.1.4.3.1. UNSC positive recommendation ( 9 votes including no veto ) - this case US veto
1.1.5. Budget
1.1.5.1. Memberstate contributions: big discrepancy
1.1.5.2. Importance of agreement on decision-making by consensus
1.1.6. Uniting for Peace resolution
1.1.6.1. 1950s for UNSC dispute - member states of GA become active when council fails to reach agreement
1.1.6.1.1. Condition 1: 7 UNSC members vote for resolution
1.1.6.1.2. Condition 2: GA majority votes
1.1.6.2. Emergency - within 24 hours
1.1.6.2.1. Peacekeeping operation
1.2. Secretariat
1.2.1. Organisation
1.2.1.1. Secretariat - Commission - Bureau
1.2.1.1.1. Secretariat staff - international civil servants independent of state interests
1.2.1.1.2. Regional distribution = criteria for hiring
1.2.1.1.3. 5 Regional grouping system
1.2.2. Function
1.2.2.1. Degrees of authority
1.2.2.1.1. 1. Supportive - admin processes
1.2.2.1.2. 2. Operational ( WPF, getting shit done )
1.2.2.1.3. 3. Decision making
1.2.2.2. UN Secretary Gen authority
1.2.2.2.1. Appointed by UNGA upon UNSC ( + permanent members ) rec
1.2.2.2.2. bureaucratic support from organs
1.2.2.2.3. Agenda setting role ( Article 99 Charter ) - bring to attention of UNSC matters that threaten international peace.
1.3. UNSC
1.3.1. Organisation
1.3.1.1. Membership
1.3.1.1.1. 5 permanent veto
1.3.1.1.2. 10 rotary members
1.3.1.2. Primary responsibility: maintain international peace and security
1.3.1.3. Subsidiary bodies:
1.3.1.3.1. 1. Intern Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia ( 93' to 2017 )
1.3.1.3.2. 2. Counter terrorism committee
1.3.1.3.3. 3. 1540 Committee on Non- Proliferation
1.3.1.3.4. 4. Peacebuilding Commission
1.3.2. Adherences to UN charter
1.3.2.1. Legally binding - Art 25
1.3.2.2. Substantive decision - 9 affirmative votes including P5 - Art 27
1.3.2.3. Procedural decision - 9 affirmative votes - no veto allowed
1.3.3. Enforcement Powers
1.3.3.1. UNSC determines international threat or breach of peace or act of aggression - Art 39.
1.3.3.1.1. Last resort ( diplomacy before adopting national sovereinghty infringement.
1.3.3.2. Measures
1.3.3.2.1. No force
1.3.3.2.2. Force
1.3.4. UN Peacekeeping
1.3.4.1. Purpose
1.3.4.1.1. 1. Non coercive instrument of ensuring compliance
1.3.4.1.2. 2. Expands possibilities for prevention of conflict & making peace
1.3.4.1.3. 3. Consent to other UN Charter provisions for sovereignty
1.3.4.1.4. 4. No standing army
1.3.4.2. Principals
1.3.4.2.1. - Host state consent
1.3.4.2.2. - non use of Force
1.3.4.2.3. - Impartiality
1.3.4.2.4. - Protection of civilians
1.3.4.3. Mandates
1.3.4.3.1. Maintain peace an security
1.3.4.3.2. protect civilians
1.3.4.3.3. Support orgs of election
1.3.4.3.4. Disarmament, démobilisation, reintegration of former combatants
1.3.4.3.5. Security Sector Reform
1.3.4.3.6. Restore rule of Law
1.3.4.3.7. Promote Human Rights
1.3.4.4. Changing nature of War
1.3.4.4.1. 1. Increase Intrastate war - reduction in Interstate war
1.3.4.4.2. 2. Domestic/International divide
1.3.4.4.3. 3. R2P - specific circumstances
1.3.4.4.4. 4. Humanitarian Intervention - domestic and international responsibility
1.3.5. UNSC reforms
1.3.5.1. Reform 1
1.3.5.1.1. 1965, 11 members to 15 members
1.3.5.1.2. 90' - legitimacy concerns ( veto ) - no democratic mandate.
1.3.5.1.3. Effective concerns - not doing shit
1.3.5.2. Reform 2
1.3.5.2.1. Permanent or non permanent size increase
1.3.5.2.2. Regional distribution - who pays and gives troops - more representation
1.3.5.2.3. Universal membership
1.3.5.2.4. Perm members don't represent current power ( France )
1.3.5.2.5. Responsibility not to veto
1.3.5.3. Conditions for reform
1.3.5.3.1. 2/3 majority in GA
1.3.5.3.2. Majority must ratify amendment - and on domestic level
1.3.5.3.3. Majority must in clued P5
1.3.5.3.4. More transparency - less veto
1.3.5.3.5. Include other actors - civil society
1.4. ICJ
1.5. ECOSOC
1.6. Trusteeship council
2. Specialized Agencies
2.1. Functional Mandate ( technical - independent )
2.2. No UN budget - independent procedure to raise $$$ ( accessed and voluntary contributions)
2.2.1. Accessed contribution - by state and may be earmarked - tool functionality
2.2.1.1. No funding = reduced capacity & less resources
2.2.2. Voluntary contribution - goes to core and operational funding - determined by percentage similar to UN
2.3. UN Funds and programs
2.3.1. Fully funded thru voluntary contributions
2.3.1.1. Very transparent and dependent on will of gov and accountability
2.3.2. Respond to UNGA/ ECOSOC
2.3.3. UNHCR ( 51')
2.3.3.1. Forced Migration: Regime or governance?
2.3.3.1.1. IOM
2.3.3.2. 1951 International convention Relating to Status of Refugees:
2.3.3.2.1. Definition of refugees
2.3.3.2.2. Rights of refugees
2.3.3.2.3. Obligations of governments
2.3.3.2.4. Euro centric
2.3.4. Global Health Governance
2.3.4.1. WHO ( 48')
2.3.4.1.1. Structure
2.3.4.1.2. Rule makin: promote rules for member states
2.3.4.1.3. Public Health Emergency of International Concern ( PHEIC ) - member states tried to restrict the authority of WHO - so when EBOLA happened they bitched about the organisation for its slow response.
2.3.4.2. Internationally regulated
2.3.4.2.1. Historical cooperation: 1851 Paris Sanitary conference
2.3.4.3. Fragmented field: Involvement of:
2.3.4.3.1. Private actors - pharmaceuticals
2.3.4.3.2. National health ministries
2.3.4.3.3. Informal orgs ( G7 or G20 )
2.3.4.3.4. Public private partnerships - corporate agreements with Govs
2.3.4.3.5. Philanthropic foundation
2.4. International Labour organizations
2.4.1. Origins & Details
2.4.1.1. 1919 in context of LoN
2.4.1.2. 46' Specialized agency of UN - 185 members
2.4.1.3. Premise: Global capitalism incentives exporting countries to lower labour standards --- competitive advantage in international trade.
2.4.1.3.1. Bad for workers, social stability , peace and order.
2.4.1.4. Objective: Promote and protect labour rights
2.4.2. Policy
2.4.2.1. Established on:
2.4.2.1.1. Conventions ( legally binding if ratified )
2.4.2.1.2. Recommendations ( no legally binding )
2.4.2.1.3. 2/3 majority
2.4.2.1.4. Labour rights - peaceful relations
2.4.3. Structure
2.4.3.1. International Labour conference: Assembly of delegates from all member states. Annual meeting - 2/3 majority
2.4.3.2. International Labour office - secretariat - legal expertise on labour standards and laws.
2.4.3.3. Gov body - 56 members - regular meeting on changing basis
2.4.3.4. Principal of Tripartism
2.4.3.4.1. 1. Gov employees
2.4.3.4.2. 2. Employer rep
2.4.3.4.3. 3. Labour group rep
2.4.4. Complaint Structure
2.4.4.1. 1. Submitted by member states - workers - employers or Gov body
2.4.4.2. 2. Case investigated by Commission of Inquiry
2.4.4.3. 3. State asked to change policy if Commission finds "Necessary"
2.4.4.4. 4. Ultimate action
2.4.4.4.1. Sanctions
2.4.4.4.2. Expulsion
2.4.4.5. Case study ( Kafala in Quatar )
2.4.4.5.1. 1. Complaints against Quatar - infrastructure investment from scratch - need cheap workforce.
2.4.4.5.2. 2. Workers hired - tied to employer - no rights for travel or freedom
2.4.4.5.3. Pressure Quatar to reform Kafala system - accountability.
3. League of Nations
3.1. Functionality
3.1.1. Core functions
3.1.1.1. Self determination
3.1.1.2. Disarmament
3.1.1.3. Universality
3.1.1.4. Public opinion
3.1.1.4.1. Propaganda
3.1.2. What does it do?
3.1.2.1. Adapt to change the world order ( mostly EU countries
3.1.2.2. Retification of treaty eventually failed
3.1.2.3. Prevent more war
3.2. Main Drivers
3.2.1. Civil society and individuals
3.2.2. Active role of US ( as hegemonic) and Wilson
3.2.3. Concrete realization: UK, France and Italy
3.3. Dates:
3.3.1. Covenant adopted 1919
3.3.1.1. 26 articles
3.3.1.2. promote international cooperation and achieve international peace & security
3.3.1.2.1. Instrument for maintaining P&S
3.3.1.2.2. No comprehensive for prohibition on use of force
3.3.2. Treaty Ratifies 1920 Versailles
3.4. Organs: Read more on notes
3.4.1. Assembly
3.4.1.1. Special Commissions
3.4.1.2. All member state presented: plenary organ
3.4.1.2.1. Decision making - unanimity
3.4.1.3. Meet on regular basis
3.4.2. International Labour Org
3.4.3. Permanent court of Justice
3.4.3.1. 30 cases until 1940
3.4.3.2. Since 1921 - 9 judges
3.4.4. Council of League
3.4.4.1. Executive organ
3.4.4.1.1. Member States makes decision: Unanimity unless veto
3.4.4.2. Forum: Once a year or as much as require: have states that can take part if concerns them
3.4.4.3. 6 permanent members: Mostly colonial and economic powers
3.4.5. Secretariat
3.4.5.1. Secretary General - appointed by council n approved by Assembly
3.4.5.2. Several departments: finances, disarmament etc
3.4.5.3. Support Assembly and Council
4. Origins
4.1. Inaction of UK ( hegemony in the league )
4.1.1. Needed more disarmament
4.2. Foundation: 1942: Allied powers 26 countries. 1943 - general international organization.
4.2.1. Matters of dispute:
4.2.1.1. Role of regional organizations
4.2.1.2. Right to Veto
4.2.1.3. Status of ICJ jurisdiction
4.2.1.4. Role of colonies/independence
4.2.2. UN Charter
5. International Courts
5.1. ICC
5.1.1. Origins and Operations
5.1.1.1. rEgistry of ICC
5.1.1.2. 1945 - after neuremburg trials - Tokyo tribunals
5.1.1.3. ICC is trialling individuals - war crimes - CAH - crimes of aggression
5.1.1.4. International treaty - separate from UN
5.1.1.5. How do classes get processed
5.1.1.5.1. UN referral
5.1.1.5.2. Referral from other states
5.1.1.5.3. Prosecution is national level - ICC steps in when states do not comply with prosecution
5.1.1.5.4. Referral by prosecutor
5.1.1.6. 2002
5.1.2. Valid of Prosecution
5.1.2.1. Crime takes place on state - not trialed at national level
5.1.2.2. Must amount to war crime, humanitarian genocide or CAH ( Rome Statute )
5.1.2.3. Investogation - serve interest of justice.
5.1.3. Arrest warrant - summon to appear
5.1.3.1. Prosecutor request judges to issue arrest warrant
5.1.3.1.1. ICC relies on cooperation to arrest
5.1.3.2. Warrants can be public or confidential
5.2. ICJ
5.2.1. Origins n Operations
5.2.1.1. From permanent court of Justice - 1945 from UN organ Art 92-96 Charter
5.2.1.2. Statute of ICJ - intergrated into UN Charter - UN Membership = ICJ membership
5.2.1.3. 15 judges ( 9 years ) elected bu UNGA and UNSC - simple majority - 2 additional ad hoc.
5.2.1.3.1. Qualifications: Legal scholars with jurisdiction and international crime - regard to regional Diversity
5.2.1.4. Each party at dispute can appoint their own judge.
5.2.1.5. Registry = Secretariat
5.2.2. Functionality
5.2.2.1. Jurisdiction
5.2.2.1.1. Between sovereignty and international rule of law ( in order )
5.2.2.1.2. Enforcement
5.2.2.1.3. Sources of Law
5.2.3. Relationship with other UN organs
5.2.3.1. UN members committee to respect ICJ Art 94 . 1
5.2.3.2. Non binding advice to UNSC and UNGA + other UN organs and specialized agencies
5.2.3.3. E.g certain expenses 1962 - advisory opinion on UN peacekeeping finance:
5.2.3.3.1. UNGA ask for legal advice - dispute to Uniting for peace resolution
5.2.3.3.2. Russia & France = no funding to Congo operation
5.2.3.3.3. ICJ says UNGA finance mechanism was legal - bitches had to pay
5.2.3.3.4. Consequence - separate budget for peacekeeping ops
5.3. Ongoing cases
5.3.1. Gambia & Myanmar 2019
5.3.1.1. Rohingas gettin fucked ( Burmese military genocide )
5.3.1.2. Applications and provisional measures by Gambia - admissible
5.3.1.3. Overulled 4 prelim objections from Myanmar
5.3.2. Iran vs USA
5.3.2.1. Only legal disputes
5.3.2.2. Issue provisional measures - if imminent ( quick judgement )
5.3.2.3. Opposition can raise objections - case is not supposed to be heard by court.