1. The Gutenberg Press
1.1. Created by Johannes Gutenberg
1.2. Printing press - a hand press in which ink was rolled over the raised surface of movable handset letters held within a wooden frame
1.3. Movable type - the system of printing that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document
1.3.1. First created in China
1.3.2. Movable type could be reproduced more quickly once a single mold was made
1.3.3. He created movable type by devising an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, creating a matrix, and using molten metal to fill the molds and cool
1.4. Matrix - a hard metal punch that is hammered into a softer copper bar
1.5. John Fust invested in Gutenberg's creation under the agreement that if Gutenberg could not repay the loan with interest after 5 years, Fust would get the press, tools, and materials
1.6. The Gutenberg Press impacted communication in 8 ways
1.6.1. 1. Perfected script and made it easier to read
1.6.2. 2. Books were made more rapidly
1.6.3. 3. Current information could be shared locally and around the world
1.6.4. 4. Cost decreased allowing more people to buy them
1.6.5. 5. Demand grew, population became more literate
1.6.6. 6. Readers wanted books written in their own languages and a greater variety
1.6.7. 7. Book trade began to flourish, as well as industries such as papermaking
1.6.8. 8. Economies became stronger
1.7. 4 major printing processes used today
1.7.1. 1. Relief Printing
1.7.2. 2. Intaglio
1.7.3. 3. Porous
1.7.4. 4. Lithography
2. Linotype Machine
2.1. Christopher Sholes invented the first successful typewriter; Clephane tested it
2.2. The Linotype Machine allowed type to be set mechanically rather than by hand
2.3. The name comes from the fact that it produces an entire line of metal type at once
2.4. The newspaper industry could set type for more pages on a daily basis
2.5. The Keyboard
2.5.1. Had 90 characters because uppercase and lowercase were seperate
2.5.2. Black keys - lowercase
2.5.3. White keys - uppercase
2.5.4. Blue keys - punctuation, digits, small capital letters, and fixed width spaces
2.5.5. Arrangement of the keys was based on letter frequency
2.6. Slug - an assembled line of type cast as a single piece
3. Photography
3.1. Camera Obscura was used as a way to observe light
3.1.1. Camera Obscura - “Dark chamber”, an optical device that projects an image of its surroundings onto a screen
3.1.2. A Camera Obscura in the 1500s was a darkened room with a convex lens inserted onto a wall
3.1.3. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the size was of a portable box
3.2. Photograohy - derived from the Greek words for light and writing
3.3. Photography processes
3.3.1. Daguerreotype
3.3.1.1. Created by Louis Daguerre, the image was exposed on a light-sensitive metal sheet which created a direct positive image
3.3.2. Calotype
3.3.2.1. Created by William Fox Talbot, The image was exposed onto a light sensitive paper producing a paper negative which allowed an unlimited amount of copies to be made
3.3.3. The Wet Collodion Process
3.3.3.1. Created by Archer, glass plates were coated with collodion, a colorless syrupy solution of nitrocellulose in ether, and had to be exposed while they were still wet
3.3.4. Dry Plate Process
3.3.4.1. Created by Richard Maddox, glass plates were coated with gelatin, a colorless water-soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissue
3.4. Eastman patented a film where fragile glass plates were replaced with photo-emulsion coated on paper rolls
3.4.1. He established the Eastman Kodak Company
3.5. Edward Land patented the invention of the instant photograph, a one-step process for developing and printing photographs
3.6. Zooprxiscope - a device used to project a series of images in successive phases of motion created by Muybridge
4. Computers
4.1. First computers made
4.1.1. Konrad Zuse created the first freely programmable computer
4.1.2. Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper created the Mark series of computers which was created for the Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations
4.1.3. John Preseper Eckert and John Mauchly created the first commercial computer called the UNIVAC - Universal Automatic Computer
4.1.4. IBM (International Business Machines) created the IBM701 EDPM Computer
4.2. The first high level programming language was FORTRAN - The IBM mathematical formula translating system
4.3. The computer mouse was invented by Douglas Engelbart to make the computer a more user-friendly tool; it was called the mouse because of its "tail"
4.4. Intel created the first single chip microprocessor called Intel 4004
4.5. The first memory disk was called the floppy disk and was produced by IBM
4.6. The first internet was called the ARPANET - Advanced research projects agency network; it was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers
4.7. Computers created in the mid-1970s
4.7.1. SCELBI MARK-8
4.7.2. Altair
4.7.3. IBM 5100
4.7.4. Apple I and II
4.7.5. TRS-80
4.7.6. Commodore Pet
4.8. MS-DOS is an operating system which was packaged with the IBM PC introduced by Bill Gates and Microsoft
4.8.1. PC - Personal Computer
4.9. Apple introduced LISA which was the first PC with a GUI
4.9.1. GUI - Graphic User Interface; first invented by Xerox
5. Cave Paintings
5.1. Beautiful, detailed, and colorful representations found on the inside of cave walls and ceilings
5.2. 3 reasons why they were created
5.2.1. 1. To tell stories or recount events that already happened
5.2.2. 2. As instructional visual aid to help teach about hunting techniques
5.2.3. 3. For magical or religious reasons that if an image of a desired event was painted, it might come true
6. Sumerians and Cuneiform
6.1. Created to help keep track of business transactions
6.2. Wedge shaped writing on clay tablets
6.3. 3 things we know about the Sumerians
6.3.1. 1. A theocratic culture ruled by a priest king
6.3.2. 2. Skilled artisans who created vases, bowls, and other types of pottery
6.3.3. 3. Music seemed to be an important part of their life as well
6.4. The world's first written language
7. Egyptians and Hieroglyphics
7.1. A formal writing system containing a combination of logographic and alphabetic elements
7.2. Used to record information about religion and government
7.3. The Rosetta Stone
7.3.1. Discovered by Napoleon Bonaparte's men
7.3.2. Contains Greek, Demotic, and Hieroglyphics
7.3.3. Used to decipher Hieroglyphics
7.4. Hieroglyphic comes from two Greek words: HIERO - sacred and GLYPHIC - engraving or writing
8. Phonetic Alphabet
8.1. Based on the principal that one sign represents a spoken sound
8.2. Spread occured through the trade culture of the Phoenicians to parts of North Africa and Europe
8.3. Disintegrated class divisions
8.4. Greek alphabet is based off of it They created 3 things
8.4.1. 1. Serif - a finishing-off stroke that increased the legibility
8.4.2. 2. Baseline - the line upon which most letters sat which allowed type to be perfectly aligned in rows
8.4.3. 3. Descender - a line from the letter that extends beneath the baseline
9. The Book
9.1. Created to make finding information easier and faster; scrolls were too difficult to use
9.1.1. Scrolls were made up of one long sheet of papyrus or many sheets attached together
9.1.2. They were rolled up, or they had wooden rollers at the end
9.1.3. They only allowed sequential usage
9.2. First made by Romans when the language was developing lowercase letters and punctuation
9.3. Codex - a covered and bound collection of handwritten pages that had compactness, sturdiness, ease of reference, ability to be opened flat to any page, and more portability
9.3.1. The Dark Ages - a period of cultural and economic deterioration
9.3.1.1. Monastic Monks became scribes and created Illuminated Manuscripts - a handwritten book created by monastic monks with illustrations and ornamentation on each page
9.3.1.2. Illuminated Manuscripts were only made for religious purposes because the work was very laborious
9.3.1.3. Natural quill pens were made from plucking feathers from geese, crows, and turkeys. They were used for the highly intricate and detailed work
9.4. Parchment - a substrate made from animal skin such as sheep, goats, and cows which is made by removing hair and fat from the animal and smoothing out the skin was, soaking the hide in water and adding calcium, flour, and salt
9.4.1. A finer quality of parchment made from skins of young calves