1. Governance
1.1. Governance refers to the process of decision-making and the system by which decisions are implemented in a society or an organization.
1.2. A board of directors discussing the potential risks and rewards associated with a decision, such as an acquisition or merger, or conducting employee assessments.
2. Systems of Government
2.1. Anarchy
2.1.1. Anarchy refers to a society without a publicly enforced government or violently enforced political authority.
2.1.2. Somalia 20th century
2.2. Autocracy
2.2.1. A system of government in which one person has absolute power.
2.2.2. Soviet union with Joseph Stalin
2.3. Democracy
2.3.1. Direct democracy
2.3.1.1. Direct democracy is a form of democracy where citizens have direct participation in decision-making without any intermediary representatives.
2.3.1.2. Switzerland
2.3.2. Representative democracy
2.3.2.1. A type of democracy where citizens elect representatives to make decisions and create laws on their behalf.
2.3.2.2. Mexico
2.3.3. Democracy is a form of government where power rests in the hands of the people who can elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf.
2.3.4. Ghana
2.4. Dictatorships
2.4.1. A dictatorship is a form of government where a single person or party holds absolute power and authority, often obtained and maintained by force.
2.4.2. Nazi Germany
2.5. Monarchy
2.5.1. A form of government with a monarch at the head (such as king/queen).
2.5.2. Sweden
2.6. Oligarchy
2.6.1. An oligarchy is a form of power structure where power effectively rests with a small number of people. These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, education, or corporate, religious or military control.
2.6.2. South Africa under apartheid
2.7. Totilarianism
2.7.1. Totalitarianism is an extreme version of authoritarianism. In this political system, the state holds total authority over society and seeks to control all aspects of public and private life wherever possible.
2.7.2. Italy under Benito Mussolini
3. State Structures
3.1. Compact States
3.1.1. Compact states are countries that have roughly circular shapes with the capital located near the center, which allows for efficient administration and communication throughout the country.
3.1.2. Poland
3.2. Elongated States
3.2.1. Elongated states are countries that have long and narrow shapes which can pose challenges in terms of communication, transportation, and internal cohesion due to the distance between extremities.
3.2.2. Chile
3.3. Perforated States
3.3.1. A perforated state is one that completely surrounds another independent country.
3.3.2. Italy
3.4. Prorupted States
3.4.1. A prorupted state is a compact state with a large projecting extension. This extension is often designed to provide access to resources or separate two states that would otherwise share a border.
3.4.2. Thailand
3.5. Unitary System
3.5.1. A unitary system is a form of government where power is concentrated in the central government, and local governments are subordinate.
3.5.2. The United Kingdom
3.6. Federalism
3.6.1. A federal system is one in which sovereignty is constitutionally split between at least two territorial levels so that independent governmental units at each level have final authority in some area.
3.6.2. USA
4. International Relations
4.1. Globalization
4.1.1. Globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. It involves the interconnection of global economies, cultures, technologies, etc., leading to increased interaction and integration between people, companies, and governments worldwide.
4.1.2. Walmart having facilities in China
4.2. Supranationalism
4.2.1. Economic Supranationalism
4.2.1.1. Economic supranationalism refers to economic cooperation between different nations under one common governing body that oversees economic policies across those nations.
4.2.1.2. The United Nations
4.2.2. Military & Strategic Supernationalism
4.2.2.1. This refers to the collaboration of multiple nations in military or strategic affairs, often through international organizations or alliances. It involves countries giving up a degree of sovereignty for the perceived benefits of greater security and strategic advantage.
4.2.2.2. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
4.2.3. Supranationalism is a type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states.
4.2.4. European Union (EU)
4.3. Transnational Companies
4.3.1. Transnational companies (TNCs) are large corporations that operate in several countries but have a centralized management system.
4.3.2. Apple