Copy of History of visual communication

1. CAVE PAINTINGS

1.1. are beautiful, detailed and colorful representations found on the inside of cave walls and ceilings.

1.2. The cave paintings were created to tell stories of the past.

1.2.1. Some of what the cavemen would paint is bison, horses, and deer. Also tracings of human hands that lined the wall.

1.3. some of the cave paintings might have been for religious reasons maybe they believed in spirit animals. They cave paintings might have also been for magical reasons so if they wrote down a wish it might come true.

1.3.1. cave paintings

1.3.2. Maybe the cavemen used the paintings for instructional diagrams to learn to hunt. Or what to hunt.

1.4. the oldest cave painting site is Chauve point

2. CUNEIFORM AND SUMERIANS

2.1. the Sumerians were ruled by the priest king,they were also skilled at creating vases, bowls and other types of pottery. Music was important to them as well.

2.1.1. later the Akkadians invades the sumer region for the exact same reason the Sumerians did for the fertile land.

2.2. the sumerians chose the sumer region to live because of its fertile land and large amounts of water.

2.2.1. In the sumer region is where cuneiform was created because of the large amounts of clay.

2.3. cuneiform was for keeping track of business transactions and records for life and death.

2.3.1. cuneiform is made by taking some clay and making it into a tablet, then you take a wedge shaped stylus made from reeds to make impressions into the clay surface.

2.3.1.1. cuneiform

3. THE EGYPTIANS AND HIEROGLYPHICS

3.1. the Egyptians used cuneiform concept.

3.1.1. another system that the Egyptians used was papyrus which was made from reeds that you wet and placed criss cross over each other than flattened and dried. these would be used for the books of the dead which was a book for those who were on the verge of death.

3.1.1.1. papyrus

3.2. Hieroglyphics was a combination of symbols representing ideas or objects and alphabetic elements.

3.2.1. The priest also had to learn to read and write so they could add to the tombs for religions reasons and to show respect. It was also to please the gods.

3.3. the Hieroglyphics were for recording and communicate information about religion and government.

3.3.1. the people that learned to read the hieroglyphics and write it were called scribes which were students, and generals for the army that had to know it to communicate in battle.

3.3.1.1. hieroglyphics

4. PHONETIC ALPHABET

4.1. it was a direct variation to hieroglyphics.

4.2. the phonetic alphabet was one sign represents one spoken sound.

4.2.1. every letter in the phonetic alphabet started with a consonants.

4.2.1.1. some of the letter designs were a rigid, formal script that was used for important manuscripts and official documents. Another type is a quicker, informal style that was used for letters and routine types of writing.

4.3. the success of the alphabet was that it was less difficult to understand and it could be used in multiple languages.

4.3.1. the alphabet also degraded the royal people from modern man.

4.3.1.1. phonetic alphabet

4.4. this language was also adopted by the Greeks which was then passed on to the Romans.

4.4.1. this alphabet was responsible for the baseline which was lines that aligned sentences.

5. THE CODEX

5.1. the codex was a covered and bounded collection of handwritten pages.

5.1.1. the codex was very useful because it was very easy to carry around and it was easy to see just one certain page instead of unrolling a whole scroll just to get to a certain part in it.

5.1.1.1. codex

5.2. scrolls were the most commonly used tablet of that time.

5.2.1. the codex was much more advanced because it was compact, sturdy, and ease of reference.

5.2.1.1. in some editions of manuscripts there were elaborate illustrations and ornamentation. The border of the book had illustrations added and ornamentation on each page.

5.3. parchment was another type of tablet it was made from animal skin.

5.3.1. to make parchment the hair and fat were removed from the skin and then smoothed out, the hide was soaked in water, calcium, flour and salt were added then the skin was flattened and dried.

5.3.1.1. parchment replaced papyrus because it was thicker and it could last.

6. Gutenberg printing press

6.1. Gutenbergs printing press was a hand press which was rolled in ink over the raised surface of movable handset letters held within a wooden frame

6.1.1. the technology he used was the screw type for pressing grapes and olive seeds

6.1.1.1. Gutenberg made one mistake though he sought someone to invest in his inventions named John Fust a wealthy businessman. But fust had an agreement with Gutenberg which was that if he could not repay the loan with interest after 5 years fust would get the press tools and materials.

6.1.1.1.1. there are 4 types of printing 1. is relief painting, 2.is intaglio, 3 is porous, 4 is lithography

6.2. Gutenberg was inspired by his father who was a goldsmith and a jeweler it was also his love of reading too

6.2.1. since he was in the goldsmith and jeweler business he had the correct minerals so he invented metal type. this metal type could reproduce more quickly once a single mold could be made. it was made from lead, tin, and antimony that was melted together the a hammer was punched into a soft copper bar.

6.2.1.1. the first book ever printed was the bible. Fust took credit for the print and he sued Gutenberg even though he had payed him back. fust got the tools and the materials.

6.2.1.1.1. printing press

6.3. Gutenberg was not the first to invent movable type it was in china. paper was made in china by cs al.

6.3.1. the matrix was a hard metal punched hammered into the softer copper

6.3.1.1. Gutenberg,s printing press made perfect script and made it easier to read,books made more rapidly, current info could be shared locally and around the world, cost of books decreased allowing more people to buy them, demand grew population became more literate. readers wanted books written in their own languages and a greater variety, book trade began to flourish as well as industries such as paper making,and economies became stronger

7. PHOTOGRAPHY

7.1. In the 4th century camera obscura was a way to observe light. camera obscura is an optical device that projects an image of its surrounding onto a screen

7.1.1. later on the camera obscura changed to a portable box.

7.1.1.1. Another process was created by a man named Archer who invented the wet plate process in which glass plates were used for the negatives and later are coated with collodion.

7.1.1.1.1. later on a process called the dry plate process was made which happened by the glass being coated with gelatin.

7.2. the word photography came from the greek word light and word. the first person to use it as we do now was Sir John Hershel.

7.2.1. Collodion was a colorless syrupy solution of nitrocellulose in ether.

7.2.1.1. Gelatin is a colorless water soluble glutinous protein obtained from animal tissue

7.2.1.1.1. Gelatin

7.3. the first ever photograph was in 1827 by Joseph Niepce.

7.3.1. the first actual photograph process was created by Lois Daguerre which came up with the Daguerreotype process. This process was made up as Lois exposed a light sensitive metal sheet, which then created a direct positive image

7.3.1.1. The actual basis of our modern photographic process is from William Fox Talbot who created the calotype process. This process happened by him exposing an image onto a light sensitive paper producing a paper negative

8. COMPUTERS

8.1. Konrad Zuse invented the freely programmable computer. Then the mark series came out which was made by howard Aiken and Grace Hopper, the mark series was for navy gunnery and ballistic calculations.

8.1.1. the first single chip microprocessor was called the Intel 4004 which was created by Intel. Once that happened IBM felt they needed to create something like so, so they made the first memory disk.

8.1.1.1. Then Bill Gates and Microsoft created the Windows operating system in response to Apple's operating system.

8.1.1.1.1. Microsoft computer

8.2. The first commercial computer was the univac, which was created by John Preseper and John Mauchly. Univac represents universal automatic computer.

8.2.1. The first mouse was made by Douglas Engelbert. He made this tool to make computers more user friendly. Along with the first mouse came the first internet system called ARPANET which was developed to protect the flow of information between military installations.

8.3. A big widely known business is IBM which Stands for International Business Machine. The first computer IBM made was the IBM701 EDPM computer.

8.3.1. the first Ethernet was developed by Robert Metcalfe and Xerox.

8.4. The first high level programming language was fortram which stands for Formal Translating System.

8.4.1. Apple came out with Lisa a computer in 1983 which had GUI and was also developed by Xerox.

8.4.1.1. Apple computer