1. NEGATIVE SENTENCES:
1.1. Subject + will not (won't) + Verb (base form) + Complement
1.1.1. I will not (won't) visit my grandparents next weekend.
1.2. Subject (He-She-It) + will not (won't) + Verb (base form) + Complement
1.2.1. He will not (won't) start a new job next month.
2. It is used to talk about decisions made in the moment, promises, predictions and future events that are not planned.
3. Modal verbs
3.1. Modal verbs are used to express ideas such as possibility, ability, permission, obligation, advice, and other shades of meaning. The most common modal verbs include "can," "could," "may," "might," "must," "shall," "should," "will," and "would."
3.1.1. NEGATIVE SENTENCES:
3.1.1.1. Subject + Modal verb + Verb (base form) + Complement
3.1.1.1.1. She can swim very well.
3.1.1.1.2. They might go to the party.
3.1.2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES:
3.1.2.1. Subject + Modal verb + not + Verb (base form) + Complement
3.1.2.1.1. I cannot (can't) play the piano.
3.1.2.1.2. He should not (shouldn't) eat so much candy.
3.1.3. YES/NO QUESTIONS:
3.1.3.1. Modal verb + Subject + Verb (base form) + Complement?
3.1.3.1.1. Can you speak French? Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
3.1.3.2. Modal verb + Subject + Verb (base form) + Complement?
3.1.3.2.1. Should we leave now? Yes, we should. / No, we shouldn't.
3.1.4. INFORMATION QUESTIONS
3.1.4.1. Question word + Modal verb + Subject + Verb (base form) + Complement?
3.1.4.1.1. What can you do? I can play the guitar.
3.1.4.2. Question word + Modal verb + Subject + Verb (base form) + Complement?
3.1.4.2.1. Why must she go? She must go because she has a meeting.
3.1.5. Specific uses of some modal verbs:
3.1.5.1. Can/Could:
3.1.5.1.1. Ability: She can run fast.
3.1.5.1.2. Permission: Can I leave early?
3.1.5.1.3. Possibility: It could rain tomorrow.
3.1.5.2. May/Might:
3.1.5.2.1. Permission: May I use your phone?
3.1.5.2.2. Possibility: They might come to the party.
3.1.5.3. Must:
3.1.5.3.1. Obligation: You must wear a seatbelt.
3.1.5.3.2. Deduction: He must be at home.
3.1.5.4. *Shall/Should: *
3.1.5.4.1. Proposal: Shall we dance?
3.1.5.4.2. Advice: You should see a doctor.
3.1.5.5. Will/Would:
3.1.5.5.1. Future: I will call you tomorrow.
3.1.5.5.2. Conditional: If I were you, I would apologize.
4. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES:
4.1. Subject + will + Verb (base form) + Complement
4.1.1. I will visit my grandparents next weekend.
4.2. Subject (He-She-It) + will + Verb (base form) + Complement
4.2.1. She will start a new job next month.
5. Past Perfect
5.1. It is used to talk about an action that happened before another action or a specific time in the past.
5.1.1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES:
5.1.1.1. Subject + had + Past participle of the verb + Complement
5.1.1.1.1. I had finished my homework before dinner.
5.1.1.1.2. She had left when I arrived.
5.1.2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES:
5.1.2.1. Subject + had not (hadn't) + Past participle of the verb + Complement
5.1.2.1.1. I had not (hadn't) finished my homework before dinner.
5.1.2.1.2. He had not (hadn't) left when I arrived.
5.1.3. YES/NO QUESTIONS:
5.1.3.1. Had + Subject + Past participle of the verb + Complement?
5.1.3.1.1. Had you finished your homework before dinner? Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.
5.1.3.2. Had + Subject + Past participle of the verb + Complement?
5.1.3.2.1. Had she left when you arrived? Yes, she had. / No, she hadn't.
5.1.4. INFORMATION QUESTIONS:
5.1.4.1. Question word + had + Subject + Past participle of the verb + Complement?
5.1.4.1.1. What had you done before dinner? I had finished my homework.
5.1.4.2. Question word + had + Subject + Past participle of the verb + Complement?
5.1.4.2.1. Where had she gone before the party? She had gone to the store.
6. Present Perfect
6.1. It is used to talk about actions that happened at a non-specific time before now, life experiences, changes over time, and achievements. It is also used to describe actions that started in the past and are still happening in the present.
6.1.1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES:
6.1.1.1. Subject (I-You-We-They) + have + Past participle of the verb + Complement
6.1.1.1.1. I have visited many countries.
6.1.1.1.2. They have finished their homework.
6.1.1.2. Subject (He-She-It) + has + Past participle of the verb + Complement
6.1.1.2.1. She has lived in New York for five years.
6.1.1.2.2. He has eaten breakfast.
6.1.2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES:
6.1.2.1. Subject (I-You-We-They) + have not (haven't) + Past participle of the verb + Complement
6.1.2.1.1. I have not (haven't) visited many countries.
6.1.2.1.2. They have not (haven't) finished their homework.
6.1.2.2. Subject (He-She-It) + has not (hasn't) + Past participle of the verb + Complement
6.1.2.2.1. She has not (hasn't) lived in New York for fiv years.
6.1.2.2.2. He has not (hasn't) eaten breakfast.
6.1.3. YES/NO QUESTIONS:
6.1.3.1. Have + Subject (I-You-We-They) + Past participle of the verb + Complement?
6.1.3.1.1. Have you visited many countries? Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
6.1.3.2. Has + Subject (He-She-It) + Past participle of the verb + Complement?
6.1.3.2.1. Has she lived in New York for five years? Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
6.1.4. INFORMATION QUESTIONS:
6.1.4.1. Question word + have + Subject (I-You-We-They) + Past participle of the verb + Complement?
6.1.4.1.1. What have you done today? I have finished my project.
6.1.4.2. Question word + has + Subject (He-She-It) + Past participle of the verb + Complement?
6.1.4.2.1. Where have you been? He has been at the office.
7. INFORMATION QUESTIONS:
7.1. Interrogative word + will + Subject + Verb (base form) + Complement?
7.1.1. What will you do next weekend? I will go visit my grandparents.
7.2. Interrogative word + will + Subject (He-She-It) + Verb (base form) + Complement?
7.2.1. When will your new job start? She will start her new job next month.
8. YES/NO QUESTIONS:
8.1. Will + Subject + Verb (base form) + Complement?
8.1.1. Will you visit your grandparents next weekend? Yes, I will. / No, I won't.
8.2. Will + Subject (He-She-It) + Verb (base form) + Complement?
8.2.1. Will she start a new job next month? Yes, she will. / No, she won't.
9. Future (Be going to)
9.1. It is used to talk about plans and intentions for the future, and to make predictions based on what we know now.
9.1.1. AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES:
9.1.1.1. Subject (I) + am + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement
9.1.1.1.1. I am going to visit my grandparents next weekend.
9.1.1.2. Subject (He-She-It) + is + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement
9.1.1.2.1. She is going to start a new job next month.
9.1.1.3. Subject (You-We-They) + are + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement
9.1.1.3.1. They are going to watch a movie tonight.
9.1.2. NEGATIVE SENTENCES:
9.1.2.1. Subject (I) + am not + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement
9.1.2.1.1. I am not going to visit my grandparents next weekend.
9.1.2.2. Subject (He-She-It) + is not (isn't) + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement
9.1.2.2.1. He is not (isn't) going to start a new job next month.
9.1.2.3. Subject (You-We-They) + are not (aren't) + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement
9.1.2.3.1. We are not (aren't) going to watch a movie tonight.
9.1.3. YES/NO QUESTIONS:
9.1.3.1. Am + Subject (I) + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement?
9.1.3.1.1. Am I going to visit my grandparents next weekend? Yes, you are. / No, you aren't.
9.1.3.2. Is + Subject (He-She-It) + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement?
9.1.3.2.1. Is she going to start a new job next month? Yes, ella she is ella. /No, she is n't.
9.1.3.3. Are + Subject (You-We-They) + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement?
9.1.3.3.1. Are they going to watch a movie tonight? Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.
9.1.4. INFORMATION QUESTIONS:
9.1.4.1. Question word + am + Subject (I) + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement?
9.1.4.1.1. What am I going to do next weekend? You are going to visit your grandparents.
9.1.4.2. Question word + is + Subject (He-She- It) + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement?
9.1.4.2.1. When is she going to start her new job? She is going to start her new job next month.
9.1.4.3. Question word + are + Subject (You-We-They) + going to + Verb (base form) + Complement?
9.1.4.3.1. Where are they going to watch a movie tonight? They are going to watch a movie at the cinema.