1. Looking for source
1.1. Exisiting literature (B1+2)
1.1.1. Libraries
1.1.1.1. journals
1.1.1.1.1. Importance
1.1.1.1.2. how to get
1.1.1.2. books
1.1.1.2.1. important and of good quality >< not completely up to date
1.2. Online sources (B1)
1.2.1. Government Websites/ Local and National Access
1.2.2. Google search/ books/ scholar
1.2.3. Blog/ Forum/ Youtube
1.2.4. Digital Repositories and Open Collections/ Specialized Resources:
1.3. Note (B1+2)
1.3.1. narrow the subject area to find keywords/ use title and author’s name
1.3.2. locate by using search engines, databases, abstracts, and indexes
1.3.3. review title/ literature/ abstract/ content page
1.3.4. prepare a summary and record its reference for later use
2. Referencing APA 7th
2.1. Why (B2+4)
2.1.1. identify and retrieve each work cited in the text
2.1.2. reader can distinguish between your ideas and those of other academics
2.1.3. avoid plagiarism and show that you understand the rules of the academic community --> add weight to your writing
2.2. two main ways of citing references (B2)
2.2.1. Numbered foot or endnotes
2.2.2. The author and date system
2.3. 4 elements (B3)
2.3.1. author: Who is responsible for this work?
2.3.2. date: When was this work published?
2.3.3. title: What is this work called? (italic)
2.3.4. source: Where can I retrieve this work?
2.4. Changes in the 7th edition (B3)
2.4.1. The number of authors
2.4.2. The presentation DOIs/ URLs/ Retrieved from
2.4.2.1. Ahmann, E., Tuttle, L. J., Saviet, M., & Wright, S. D. (2018). A descriptive review of ADHD coaching research: Implications for college students. Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, 31(1), 17-39. https://www.ahead.org/professional-resources/publications/jped/archived-jped/jped-volume-31
2.4.2.2. McCauley, S. M., & Christiansen, M.H. (2019). Language learning as language use: A cross-linguisticmodel of child language development. Psychological Review, 126(1), 1-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev000016
2.5. How (B2)
2.5.1. Direct quotation (page)
2.5.1.1. Simpson, B. B., & Dgotaly, M. C. (1995). Economic botany plants in our world. (2nd ed.). edition USA: place McCraw-Hill, Inc.
2.5.2. Paraphrase
2.5.2.1. Roberts, C. A. (2001). Food safety information handbook. USA: Oryx Press.
2.5.3. Summary
2.5.3.1. Greenberg, M. T., Domitrovich, C., & Bumbarger, B. (2001, March 30). The prevention of mental disorders in school-aged children: Current state of the field. Prevention and treatment, 4. Retrieved July 18, 2001, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume4/pre0040001a.html
2.6. Referencing tools
2.6.1. - Software like EndNote, ProCite, Copac and Reference Manager
2.6.2. - Allows for searching, creating, retrieving managing online referencing databases.
3. Selecting a Topic
3.1. Origin: be assigned or self-selected (B1+ B2)
3.2. Criteria (B1)
3.2.1. should be of interest
3.2.1.1. author(s)
3.2.1.2. readers (B2)
3.2.1.2.1. ▪ What will my readers want or need to know about this issue?
3.2.1.2.2. ▪ What do my readers already know about this issue?
3.2.1.2.3. ▪ What will my readers use my writing for?
3.2.2. feasible
3.2.3. practical applications
3.3. Consultation
3.3.1. Teachers/ Supervisors
3.3.2. Colleagues and friends
3.3.3. Google
4. Establishing aims
4.1. Thoroughly understand the study
4.1.1. why you want to conduct this research (B1)
4.1.2. why readers should read the study (B2+B8)
4.2. How
4.2.1. Write down your ideas and ask yourself critical questions (B8)
4.2.1.1. What was the concern being addressed "behind" this study
4.2.1.2. What was the issue, problem, or controversy that the researcher wanted to address?
4.2.2. Seek supervisor’s advice on which individuals or groups might be included. (B1)
5. Forming a research question
5.1. Why
5.1.1. narrow the purpose statement into specific predictions or questions to be answered.
5.1.2. guides study focus, data collection, analysis, and reporting
5.2. How
5.2.1. a research problem/ an issue needing investigation => several ideas => write them down (list/ mind map) (using Wh-/ Yes/No question) (B1+2)
5.2.2. Drafting research questions (B2)
5.2.3. Refining research questions (B1+2)
5.2.3.1. combining
5.2.3.2. narrowing the scope of the project
5.2.3.3. adding limitations to it
5.2.3.4. replacing vague words and phrases with ones that can be more specific.
5.2.4. NOTE: get fixed to the research questions after doing the literature review. (B2)
5.3. Types (B7+8)
5.3.1. Qualitative Research Questions
5.3.1.1. What: researchers' questions/ not objectives or hypotheses.
5.3.1.2. Guidelines
5.3.1.3. Two forms
5.3.1.3.1. (1) a central question
5.3.1.3.2. (2) associated subquestions.
5.3.2. Quantitative Research Questions
5.3.2.1. What: help narrow and focus the purpose of a study
5.3.2.2. Guidelines
5.3.2.3. Three main types
5.3.2.3.1. Descriptive Questions
5.3.2.3.2. Relationship Questions
5.3.2.3.3. Comparison Questions
5.3.3. Mixed Methods Research Questions (B7)
5.3.3.1. What: focuses on the integration of quantitative and qualitative data
5.3.3.2. Guidelines