1. Latin America
1.1. many difficulties are presented
1.1.1. lack of resources, emigration, inequities, low graduation rates, there isn't control on higher education
1.1.1.1. other issues are
1.1.1.1.1. economic barriers, lack of teaching staff, opportunities shortage, curricula misdesigned, lack of investment, low skilled labor, lack of teaching materials, poor infrastructure
2. Policies
2.1. guidelines or procedures to meet specific goals
2.1.1. look for better opportunities among the citizens
2.1.1.1. must recognise a socio-cultural, economic and political dimension in teaching and learning practices
2.2. main actors
2.2.1. institutional / private
2.2.1.1. define dynamics
2.2.1.1.1. administrative control is centralized, like any private enterprise
2.2.2. government / public
2.2.2.1. power of the state
2.2.2.1.1. administrative control result from internal elections by choosing academic leaders
2.3. main phases
2.3.1. 1. origin and justification
2.3.1.1. 2. design
2.3.1.1.1. 3. management or implementation
3. Politics
3.1. debates and negotiations to make decisions
3.1.1. tend to respond to economical aspects
3.2. few people make decissions for big groups of people
3.2.1. power is centralized
3.2.1.1. Standardization
4. Educational sphere
4.1. integration of international and intercultural purposes and functions in education
4.1.1. strategic alliances in academic mobilities
4.1.1.1. to encourage skilled individuals
4.1.1.1.1. for an intercultural exchange and global challenges
5. National contexts
5.1. Colombia bilingüe
5.1.1. according to
5.1.1.1. Law 1651 of July 12 of 2013
5.1.1.1.1. aimed at strengthening the teaching and learning of English in the country.
5.2. Colombia very well program CVW
5.2.1. did not last more than five months
5.3. Programa Nacional de Bilinguismo PNB
5.3.1. as a strategy for competitiveness
6. Internationalization of Higher Education in Colombia
6.1. Recent development
6.1.1. Early influence from European founding.
6.1.1.1. 1990s Changes
6.1.1.1.1. Colonial period with European models and a shift from Latin to Spanish teaching.
6.1.1.1.2. Globalization and economic opening
6.1.1.1.3. Initial efforts lacked clear policies
6.2. Internationalization Stages:
6.2.1. Colonial: Influence of European models.
6.2.1.1. 1950s-70s: Isolated international cooperation, lacking clear policies.
6.2.1.1.1. post-1990s Global restructuring, Law 30 promotes internationalization.
6.2.2. Current trends include commercialization, international competition, and transnational programs
6.3. Legal and Development Frameworks
6.3.1. National Constitution in 1991
6.3.1.1. It influenced Colombian higher education's internationalization by embedding rights, principles, and values.
6.3.2. Law 30 for Higher Education of 1992
6.3.2.1. It mandates the government to promote internationalization across various domains, ensuring equitable, reciprocal relations.
6.3.3. Plans like "Revolución Pacífica" and "El Salto Social"
6.3.3.1. promote internationalization but face challenges in policy coherence.
6.4. Actors and Networks
6.4.1. Ministerio de Educación
6.4.1.1. ICFES
6.4.1.1.1. ICETEX