Psychology Unit 1
Brief overview of information from AP Psych Unit 1.
1. Founders
1.1. Sigmund Freud- Founded Psychoanalysis, influenced Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, the unconscious has urges.
1.2. John B Watson- Founder of Behaviorism, psych should stufy observable behaviors, nurture over nature, thoughts can't verify reasearch. (Little Albert)
1.3. B.F Skinner- Influenced by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson, studied observable behavior, all actions are as a result of an external stimuli.
1.4. Wilhem Wundt- Founded Introspection. Created the first psych lab circa 1879, Psych should be modeled after physics/chemistry. Experiments= Attention, Memory, Sensory, Reaction Time.
1.5. G Stanley Hall- Founded the APA, studied with Wilhem Wundt, and brought psych to America.
1.6. Edward Titchner- Founder of Structuralism, focused heavily on introspection
1.7. WIlliam James- Founder of Functionalism, Influenced by Darwinism, natural selection, function > structure
1.8. Carl Rogers + Abraham Maslow- Founded Humanism, believed in free will and the theory that human are driven by their own behaviors.
1.9. Jean Piaget- Founded Cognitive Study of Psych focused on childrens cognitive development.
1.10. Michael Gazzaniga- Founded the biological approach of psychology. split brain research+ hemisphere specialization.
2. Approaches
2.1. Structuralism- How conscious experiences makes up the mind.
2.1.1. Functionalism- The belief that psychology should study the functions of the conscious thought.
2.1.1.1. Psychoanalysis- The unconsious mind contains thoughts and urges that shape human behavior.
2.1.1.1.1. Humanistic-Emphasizes the qualities of humans freedom, free will, and potential for growth.
3. Research
3.1. Applied Reasearch- Clear, Practical Applications.
3.1.1. Basic Research- Not for immediate usage.
3.1.1.1. Scientific Method- Used by Psychologists.
3.1.1.1.1. Hindsight Bias- " I knew it all along behavior.
4. Scientific Process
4.1. Theory- Explanation using prinicples that predict observations.
4.1.1. Hypothesis- Testable Prediction
4.1.1.1. Operational Definiton- A statement of operations used to define research units.
4.1.1.1.1. Replication- Repeating research to verify results.
5. Psychologist
5.1. Gives talk therapy, has to earn a degree in Psychology. Studies human emotion and behavior.
6. Psychiatrist
6.1. Can perscribe medication to patients, earns a medical degree.
7. Descriptive Methods
7.1. Case Studies- Atypical, hard to answer truths, however useful for observing behavior.
7.1.1. Naturalistic- "Snapshot" of daily life, can tell why or how, just the what of whatever is happening
7.1.1.1. Survey- Estimates and tests for larger samples, be careful how wording affects answers.
7.1.1.1.1. Correlational - the study of how traits and behaviors relate to eachother.
7.1.1.1.2. Scatterplots- Each point represents values of two variables
7.1.1.1.3. Correlation Coefficent- How closely two thing relate to eachother.
8. Data
8.1. Mode- most repeated number
8.1.1. Mean- average of all the numbers added togethe and divided by the amount of numbers added.
8.1.1.1. Median- midpoint
8.1.1.1.1. Range- gap between highest and lowest number.
9. Goals + Definition
9.1. Goals- Describe, Explain, Predict, Control
9.1.1. Definition- The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
10. Ethics
10.1. Informed Consent- Psychologist inform participants about experiment procedures, also protect the patient from any mental or pyshical discomfort.
10.1.1. Debriefing- a formal version of providing emotional and psychological support immediately following a traumatic event
10.1.1.1. Confedentiality- Must keep patient information private.