1. TOOLS AND WEAPONS
1.1. - More refined - Features smooth edges and surfaces that were sturdier and sharper than those from the Paleolithic and Mesolithic ages.
1.1.1. Axes
1.1.1.1. Clearing lands and fashioning materials for building structures
1.1.1.2. Essential for the spread of agriculture and the establishment of permanent settlements.
1.1.1.3. Weapon for hunting and survival.
1.1.2. Process involves a combination of two techniques.
1.1.2.1. Knapping
1.1.2.1.1. Refers to the process of breaking off large chunks using hard and whole stone to form the basic shape of the tool.
1.1.2.2. Flaking
1.1.2.2.1. Process is done after knapping where a softer hammer is used to remove smaller flakes of stone to refine the surfaces and edges to achieve the desired shape and texture.
1.1.3. Scrapers
1.1.3.1. - Made through knapping. - Used for butchering animals and rendering hides.
1.1.4. Blades
1.1.4.1. Finer than scrapers
1.1.4.2. Used for hunting and butchering animals, and tilling.
1.1.4.3. Used for Cutting up fruits and vegetables.
1.1.4.4. Skills and care are necessary in using the tool.
1.1.5. Arrowheads and Spears
1.1.5.1. More challenging to create than blades due to its shape and thinness.
1.1.5.2. Attached to shafts using threads or sinew, and notches.
1.1.6. Leaf-shaped Flint
1.1.6.1. One of the most important materials to early humans.
1.1.6.2. It gets dulled easily, but can be resharpened.
1.1.7. Adzes
1.1.7.1. Used for hollowing logs quickly
1.1.7.2. Helps build on land, developing more tools, and preparing land cultivation.
1.1.7.3. Aided the future of transportation.
1.1.8. Hammers
1.1.8.1. One of the most influential Neolithic technologies.
1.1.8.2. Made the creation of new tools, constructions of homes, and settlements easier.
2. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
2.1. Neolithic Age (New Stone Age)
2.1.1. - Stone tools - Coined by archaeologist V. Gordon Childe in 1935 - Shift from hunter-gatherer societies to farming and settlements
2.2. Causes
2.2.1. 1. Climate Change 2. End of Ice Age (>>14,000 years ago) 3. Warmer conditions in the Fertile Crescent (They use animals to use as their clothes) 4. Intellectual Advances (improvement of tools and weapons) 5. Development of religion, art, and early civilization
2.3. Key Neolithic (Facts)
2.3.1. - Çatalhöyük (Turkey) - 9,500-year-old settlement with mud-brick homes - Population of up to 8,000 - Tell Abu Hureyra (Syria) - Early evidence of hunting (gazelles) and farming (wild grains) - 11,500–7,000 B.C.
2.4. Agricultural Inventions (Start)
2.4.1. - Plant Domestication - Crops: wheat, barley, lentils, chickpeas, peas, flax - Selective breeding for easier harvest (because of how animals eat) - Animal Domestication - First animals: pigs, goats, sheep, cattle (10,000–13,000 years ago)
2.5. Global Spread of Agriculture (Process)
2.5.1. - Fertile Crescent: Wheat and barley cultivation - Asia: Rice and millet
2.6. Effects of the Neolithic Revolution (Results)
2.6.1. - Permanent Settlements - Supported by agriculture - Advancements in Civilization - Innovations in tools, farming, and trade - Led to the Bronze and Iron Ages - Increased trade and conquests, spreading civilizations
3. CAUSE AND EFFECT
3.1. Causes
3.1.1. Environmental changes
3.1.1.1. As temperatures rose, wild wheat and barley began to flourish in the Fertile Crescent, which is bordered on the west by the Mediterranean Sea and on the east by the Persian Gulf. Natufians, a pre-Neolithic ethnic group, began constructing permanent homes in the area.
3.1.1.2. The people are experiencing severe climate change. The Earth experienced a gradual warming at the end of the last Ice age
3.1.2. Some groups of humans gave up the nomadic lifestyle and started farming and taking good care of the wild animals
3.1.2.1. Extinction of animals that people hunted as they were running out of resources
3.2. Effects
3.2.1. Populations grew exponentially
3.2.1.1. Establishing permanent settlements through the practice of agriculture
3.2.2. Domestication of animals
3.2.3. Advancements in creating tools for farming, war and art
4. CHARACTERISTICS
4.1. - Transition from a nomadic, hunter gatherer existence to settled communities that engaged in farming. - People began cultivating crops and domesticating animals. - Development of new tools and crafts. - Emergence of social structures and specialized labor. - Paved the way for the rise of modern civilizations.
5. NEOLITHIC PEOPLE
5.1. - Practiced Agriculture, Cultivating Crops, and Domestication of animals. - Began living in permanent settlements. - Built homes and communities. - Developed pottery for storing food and water. - Advanced in crafts and tool-making.
6. WAY OF LIVING
6.1. HOW IT STARTED
6.1.1. - Through the neolithic period or known as New Stone Age it is recognized as the start of their stabilized or settled people's lifestyle. - Instead of relying just on hunting and gathering, people learnt to domesticate animals and grow vegetables. - In Hongshan culture (ca. 3800–2700 BCE) the most significant crafting in Chinese culture is Jade carving originated by the neolithic people. - Jade pieces hold a mystery value for chinese, it portray an important social or ritual value. - Chinese civilization first appeared around the Yellow River located in the north, while the Yangzi River could be seen in the south and started to circulate all over China.
6.2. HOW THEY HUNT, WORK, & LIVELIHOOD
6.2.1. HUNTING
6.2.1.1. - Involves pig and dog domestication & grow vegetable, goat, sheep herding - Group hunts - Uses more refined stone tools
6.2.2. FOOD
6.2.2.1. - Millet and rice - Wheat, barley, squash, and corn - Cattles, pigs, and chickens - Plants and cereal grains - Peas, Flax, and Lentils
6.2.3. LABOR
6.2.3.1. Farming and domestication of animals
6.2.4. LIVELIHOOD
6.2.4.1. - Archaeological, and anthropological methods and performed carbon dating to learn when and where humans lived. - Partnerships between men and women from different communities helped form alliances and closer ties - Couples raised children to adulthood since food and resources were abundant
6.2.4.1.1. THE UNIQUE ARTS OF CHINA