1. Additional factors
1.1. Arthiritis
1.1.1. Arthiritis is a condition where there is inflammation in a synovial joint. This inflammation causes pain and stiffness. Caused by general wear and tear over time, reducing the normal amount of cartilage. Bones therefore rub together
1.2. Osteoporosis
1.2.1. Osteoporosis is the weakening of bones caused by a loss in calcium. As you get older, your bones lose theur mineral density and naturally become brittle, fragile and more likely to break under stress
1.3. Age
1.3.1. Generally, exercise and sport will benefit you. However, we have to be aware of resistance training at a young age. As bones are still growing, the forces applied from resistance training will damage the epiphyseal heads, resulting in stunted growth
2. Adaptations
2.1. Increase in ligament strength
2.1.1. Over time, ligaments become more pliable. Increasing flexibility and range of movement at a joint. It also means they are less likely to become sprained (when a ligament tears due to overstretching)
3. Responses
3.1. Production of synovial fluid
3.1.1. When we exercise, more synovial fluid is released into the synovial joint
3.2. Increase in mineral uptake
3.2.1. When we perform weight bearing activities, the body absorbs minerals such as calcium, which increases bone mineral density. This is important for sports that apply stress and force to the bones. They become strong enough to cope with these demands
4. Movements at synovial joints
4.1. Flexion
4.1.1. Reducing the angle at a joint
4.2. Extension
4.2.1. Increasing the angle at a joint
4.3. Dorsiflexion
4.3.1. Bringing toes towards the shin
4.4. Plantarflexion
4.4.1. Pointing toes towards the ground
4.5. Lateral flexion
4.5.1. The movement of bending sideways, from the waist
4.6. Horizontal flexion
4.6.1. With a straight limb, moving that limb in front of your body
4.7. Horizontal extension
4.7.1. Moving that limb away from the front of the body
4.8. Hyperextension
4.8.1. Movement beyond the normal anatomical position
4.9. Abduction
4.9.1. Movement of a limb away from the midline
4.10. Adduction
4.10.1. Movement of a limb towards the midline
4.11. Horizontal abduction
4.11.1. Bringing a limb across your body (flexion)
4.12. Horizontal adduction
4.12.1. Movement away from your body (extension)
4.13. Circumduction
4.13.1. A circular movement
4.14. Rotation
4.14.1. Circular movement of a limb and the neck
5. Types of synovial joint
5.1. Hinge
5.1.1. Allows movement in one direction (forwards and backwards)
5.1.1.1. Elbow, Knee, Ankle
5.2. Ball and Socket
5.2.1. Allows movement in all directions
5.2.1.1. Hip and Shoulder
5.3. Condyloid
5.3.1. Wrist
5.4. Gliding/Plane
5.4.1. Found between the carpsals (wrist) and tarsals (feet)
5.5. Pivot
5.5.1. Neck
5.6. Saddle
5.6.1. Thumb
6. Classifications of joints
6.1. Fixed Joint (immoveable/fiborous)
6.1.1. Function=Protect
6.1.1.1. E.g. Cranium
6.2. Slightly moveable joint
6.2.1. Function=Redcuce friction
6.2.1.1. E.g. Vertebrae
6.3. Synovial joint (freely moveable)
6.3.1. Function=Vital for supporting movements and allow various 'actions' when 2 or more bones meet to form the joint
6.3.2. Structure
6.3.2.1. Ligament
6.3.2.1.1. Attatch bone to bone
6.3.2.2. Tendon
6.3.2.2.1. Attatch muscle to bone
6.3.2.3. Synovial fluid
6.3.2.3.1. Provides lubrication
6.3.2.4. Cartilage
6.3.2.4.1. Prevents friction
6.3.2.5. Joint capsule
6.3.2.5.1. Tough, fiborous tissue wihch encloses the joint (provides suppport)
6.3.2.6. Bursae
6.3.2.6.1. A sack of fluid, which reduces friction
7. Positions of bones
7.1. Anterior (towards the front) & Posterior (towards the back)
7.2. Superior (higher up in the body) & Inferior (lower down in the body)
7.3. Medial (closer to midline of body) & Lateral (further from midline of body)
7.4. Proximal (closer to attatchment of limb) & Distal (further from attatchment of limb)
8. Types of bones
8.1. Long
8.1.1. Function=Strength, Structure and Mobility
8.1.1.1. E.g. Femur, Humerus, Ulna
8.2. Short
8.2.1. Function=Weight bearing and Shock absorption
8.2.1.1. E.g. Carpals and Tarsals
8.3. Flat
8.3.1. Function=Protection of vital organs
8.3.1.1. E.g. Cranium, Scapula, Pelvis
8.4. Sesamoid
8.4.1. Function=Provide smooth surface for tendon to slide over
8.4.1.1. E.g. Patella
8.5. Irregular
8.5.1. Function=Provides shape,stability and attatchment point
8.5.1.1. E.g. Vertebrael column
9. Areas of the skeleton
9.1. Axial
9.1.1. Cranium, Sternum, Ribs, Vertebrae
9.2. Appendicular
9.2.1. The rest of the bones
10. The Vertebral Column
10.1. Sections of the vertebrae
10.1.1. Cervical
10.1.2. Thoracic
10.1.3. Lumbar
10.1.4. Sacral
10.1.5. Coccyx
10.2. Functions of the vertebrae
10.2.1. Protects the spinal cord
10.2.2. Supports the rib cage
10.2.3. Supports body weight
10.2.4. Offers attatchment for muscles in the back
10.2.5. Intervertebral discs recieve and distribute impact (reducing shock)
10.3. Postural Deviations
10.3.1. Kyphosis
10.3.1.1. Excessive outward curve of the spine (hunchback)
10.3.2. Scolliosis
10.3.2.1. Abnormal curvature of the spine from left to right
11. Bone Growth
11.1. Ossification=The process of bone formation
11.1.1. Osteoblasts
11.1.1.1. Cells that bring calcium to the bone
11.1.2. Osteoclasts
11.1.2.1. Cells that remove excess calcium
11.2. What is Osteoporosis?
11.2.1. A condition in which bones become weak and brittle
11.3. How do bones grow?
11.3.1. Each end of the bone (epiphysis) extend whilst the diaphysis always stays the same length. Once the bone has fully gorwn the ends of the bone fuse with the diaphysis
12. Functions of the skeletal system
12.1. Support
12.1.1. Provide the supporting framework for the soft tissue of your body
12.2. Protection
12.2.1. Bones surround and protect vital organs
12.3. Attatchment
12.3.1. Attatchment for skeletal muscle
12.4. Blood cell production
12.4.1. Stored within the bone marrow is white and red blood cells
12.5. Mineral storage
12.5.1. Bones hold minerals such as calcium and phosphurus, essential for bone growth
12.6. Leverage
12.6.1. Bones provide a level system, where muscles contract, and pull to create movement
12.7. Weight bearing
12.7.1. Prevents injury