1. Basic
1.1. Shapes
1.1.1. Oval-ovalnatý
1.1.2. Fusiform-vretenovitý
1.1.3. Rod-shaped - tyčinkový
1.1.4. Stellate- hviezdicový
1.1.5. Amoeba-amebový, no fixed shape
1.2. Cell is basic unit
1.3. Size
1.3.1. 10-100 micrometers standart
1.3.2. Bacteria - up to 0,8mm
1.3.3. Human egg cell - 0,13mm
1.4. Inner strucrure
1.4.1. stage of evolution
1.4.2. simlpe forms - prokaryotic cell
1.4.3. comlex cell - eukaryotic cell
2. Eukaryotic
2.1. Basics
2.1.1. More complex
2.1.2. contains membrane- enclosed organelles
2.1.3. multicellular organisms
2.2. Cell wall
2.2.1. absent in animal cell
2.2.2. outher part of cytoplasmic membrane
2.2.3. plant- contain cellulose
2.2.4. fungi an some animals- contain chitin
2.2.5. Function- determinate shape of cell and protect
2.2.5.1. permeable barrier ( allows to go in and out, priepustná )
2.3. Cytoplasmic membrane
2.3.1. in all EC
2.3.2. made from lipids and proteins
2.3.3. permeable or semi permeable -allowing certain mollecules to pass through
2.3.4. Function - regulates the flow of subtances in and out
2.3.4.1. contains receptors for signals
2.3.5. On surface - protrusions - psedopodia (phagocytosis),microvilli (intestine- absorption surface)
2.3.6. Phagocytosis process certain living cells phagocytes ingest or release other cells or solid particles
2.3.6.1. free living one celled organism- amobea, white blood cells
2.4. Cytoplasm
2.4.1. colloidal solution(koloidný roztok) contains organic or inorganic materials
2.4.2. Function- site of biochemical reactions , vital for cell
2.4.2.1. aids in the movement
2.4.2.2. provides medium for organells , fill up the space
2.5. Membrane bound organelles
2.5.1. Nucleus (karyon)
2.5.1.1. Control center
2.5.1.2. contains cells DNA i form of genes
2.5.1.3. Structure
2.5.1.3.1. double membrane ( karyoléma)
2.5.1.3.2. chromatin (string- like fiber)
2.5.1.4. nucleus is absent in some cells
2.5.1.5. contains one ro more nucleoli ( nucleolus- jadierko)
2.5.1.5.1. Function - synthesis of ribosomal RNA
2.5.1.5.2. rRNA(ribosomal ribonucleic acid- ribozómová ribonucleová kyselina ) a proteins trnform into ribosomes
2.5.1.6. Function - controls coordinate cell ( growth, metabolism, protein synthesis, reproduction and store genetic info.)
2.5.2. Plastids - plant cell only
2.5.2.1. based on pigment:
2.5.2.1.1. Chromoplasts
2.5.2.1.2. Chloroplasts
2.5.2.1.3. Leucoplasts
2.5.2.1.4. Amyloplasts stores and produce starch with no internal membrane compatments
2.5.3. Mitochondria - power house of cell
2.5.3.1. convent energy into usable form (glucose into ATP ) in process of cellular respiration
2.5.3.2. found in cells with high use of energy - muscle or cardiac
2.5.3.3. Structure:
2.5.3.3.1. Double membrane
2.5.3.3.2. Cristae formed by infolding of inner membrane
2.5.3.3.3. Matrix- space between inner membrane, contains mithochondrial DNA
2.5.4. Endoplasmic reticulum
2.5.4.1. Rought ER (RER)- ribosomes are attached on membrane
2.5.4.1.1. Function- protein production, tranport of CA2+ (calsium inos) in muscle cell
2.5.4.2. Smooth ER(SER) without ribosomes
2.5.4.2.1. Function - production of lipids and vitamin D, carries out the transport of matters (intra/intercellular )
2.5.5. Goldi apparatus
2.5.5.1. close to nucleus and ER
2.5.5.2. Function- produce enzymes and their matters ( enzymes, polysacharids, hormones)
2.5.5.2.1. helps in productioin of lysosomes and hydrolytic enzymes in A-cell
2.5.6. Vacuole
2.5.6.1. Tonoplast - semi permeable membrane
2.5.6.2. inside - watery fluid - cell sap- water, organic, inorganic substances
2.5.6.3. Function- shape of the cell
2.5.6.3.1. storage regions- reserve food , secretory products or waste
2.5.6.3.2. Aid in hydrolytic processes(rozkladný)
2.5.6.3.3. Excretion, digestion in protozoa( vylučovanie vakuoly u prvokov)
2.5.7. Lysosomes - single membrane structures in A-cell
2.5.7.1. rich in hydrolytic enzymes
2.5.7.2. function- inntracellular digestion and degradation of materials
2.6. Organelles with own DNA- semiautonomous
2.6.1. Nucleus
2.6.2. Mitochondria
2.6.3. Chloroplasts
2.7. Organelles without membranes
2.7.1. Ribosomes
2.7.1.1. in cytoplasm and RER
2.7.1.2. Function- Protein synthesis
2.8. Fibre structures (fibrilarne štruktúry )
2.8.1. function- motion and mechanical support
2.8.2. Cytoskeleton (framework of cell)
2.8.2.1. gives the cell shape and mechanical resistance and also aids in intracellular transport and organelles
2.8.2.2. filaments- fine threads - microfilaments (aids in motion of cytoplasm)
2.8.2.3. hollow cylinders- microtubules( part of spindle structure - separate chromosomes during cell division
2.8.2.4. make up cilia and flagella - intermediate filaments
2.8.3. Chromosomes
2.8.3.1. made up from DNA(deoxiribonucleic acid)
2.8.3.2. tightly bent around proteins
2.8.3.3. carry genetic information
2.8.3.4. visible during cell division
2.9. NON-living substances - not out any metabolic activity
2.9.1. secretory products,pigment granules,crystalline forms
2.9.2. form and cumulate in catoplasm and vacuole before excretion
2.9.3. storage substances ( starch,oil) or secretory products
2.9.4. Example Crystalline form of calcium oxalate (šťaveľan vápenatý ) CaC2O4 in dry skin of onion
3. Prokariotic
3.1. Basics
3.1.1. type of life Mill. years ago
3.1.2. Bacteria
3.1.3. PC no cell nucleus =karyon, no membrane-bound organelles
3.1.4. PC form unicellular ( single cell) organisms - bacteria archaea,bluegreen algea(sinice)
3.1.5. PC older and simplier than EC
3.2. Cell wall
3.2.1. layer which protects cell
3.2.2. made from proteins, sacharids, lipids(fats), bacteria-murein=peptidoglycan
3.2.3. Capsule - on top of cell wall
3.2.3.1. thick outher protect strans of sugar and proteinsbound together
3.2.3.1.1. that helps bacteria to adhere to each other more
3.2.3.2. not have permeability - large molecluses can pass through
3.3. Cytoplasmic membrane (plasma membrane)
3.3.1. only membrane structure
3.3.2. phospholipid bilayer( with proteins) that surround cytoplasm
3.3.3. permeable barrier- regulates flow of substances in and out
3.3.4. Function - transport of materials, respiration( replace mitochondria functions ),photosynthesis
3.4. Cytoplasm(dynamic system)
3.4.1. fills the cell
3.4.2. jelly substance- 90% waater 10% organic and inorganic cmpounds , clear ,colorless
3.4.3. Function- site of many reactions, exgange of material and energy
3.4.3.1. aids in movement of diff. cellular elements
3.4.3.2. provides medium for organells
3.5. Organelles in cytoplasm
3.5.1. Nucleus (Nukleoid= not true nucleus)
3.5.1.1. DNA is not in membrane is in cytoplasm
3.5.1.2. one long molecule od DNA(coiled up)
3.5.1.3. Function - Control Center , contains DNA
3.5.2. Plasmids
3.5.2.1. small circles of DNA
3.5.2.2. exchanging DNA between cells
3.5.2.3. bacterias = many plasmids
3.5.3. Ribosome
3.5.3.1. consists of proteins and RNA (nucleoprotein particle)
3.5.4. Inclusions
3.5.4.1. non living substances - nor carry any metabolic activity
3.5.5. Thylakoids
3.5.5.1. blue green algea and photosynthesis bacteria
3.5.5.2. flattened sacs which are the site of photosynthesis