1. Figures of Combination (Inequality)
1.1. Definition: Unequal comparisons in structure or emphasis.
1.1.1. Climax: Ascending order of importance.
1.1.2. Anticlimax: Sudden drop in significance.
1.2. Effects: Builds drama, surprise, or humor.
2. Figures of Combination (Opposition)
2.1. Definition: Contrast to highlight differences.
2.1.1. Antithesis: Juxtaposition (e.g., "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times").
2.1.2. Oxymoron: Contradictory terms (e.g., "Deafening silence").
2.2. Effects: Heightens tension, contrast, or thematic depth.
3. Figures of Combination (Identity)
3.1. Definition: Devices that reinforce similarity or sameness.
3.1.1. Repetition: Echoes phrases (e.g., "Never, never, never give up").
3.1.2. Anaphora: Repetition at sentence beginnings.
3.2. Effects: Rhythm, emphasis, and emotional build-up.
4. Figures of Substitution (Quality): Irony
4.1. Definition: Saying the opposite of what is meant (e.g., "What a beautiful day!" during a storm).
4.1.1. Verbal Irony: Sarcastic remarks.
4.1.2. Situational Irony: Unexpected outcomes.
4.1.3. Dramatic Irony: Audience knows more than characters.
4.2. Effects: Creates humor, criticism, or dramatic tension.
4.3. Case Studies: Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar ("Brutus is an honorable man").
5. Stylistic Semasiology
5.1. Definition: The study of meaning and stylistic devices in language.
5.1.1. Expressive Means (EMs): Standard language forms that enhance expressiveness (e.g., intonation, word choice).
5.1.2. Stylistic Devices (SDs): Deliberate literary tools for emphasis (e.g., metaphor, irony).
5.1.3. Criteria: Structural, functional, and semantic relevance.
5.1.4. Examples: Highlighted from literary and everyday language.
6. Figures of Substitution (Quantity)
6.1. Definition: Replacing elements of speech to emphasize quantity or repetition.
6.1.1. Hyperbole: Exaggeration (e.g., "I’ve told you a thousand times").
6.1.2. Litotes: Understatement (e.g., "He’s not exactly a genius").
6.2. Effects: Emphasis, humor, or rhetorical impact.
7. Figures of Substitution (Quality): Metonymy and Varieties
7.1. Definition: Substitution of a related term (e.g., "The crown" for "The monarchy").
7.1.1. Synecdoche: Part representing the whole (e.g., "Wheels" for "Car").
7.1.2. Eponym: Using a name (e.g., "Achilles' heel").
7.2. Effects: Adds depth, compactness, and symbolic layers.
8. Figures of Substitution (Quality): Metaphor and Varieties
8.1. Definition: Implied comparison (e.g., "Time is a thief").
8.1.1. Simple Metaphor: Basic imagery.
8.1.2. Extended Metaphor: Sustained across sentences.
8.1.3. Dead Metaphor: Common phrases (e.g., "Leg of a table").