The 4 National in Taps Singapore

1. The Catchment Water

1.1. Singapore's Usage Of Water

1.2. As a small island that doesn't have natural aquifers and lakes and with little land to collect rainwater, Singapore needs to maximise whatever it can harvest.

1.3. Why?

1.3.1. As a small island that doesn't have natural aquifers and lakes and with little land to collect rainwater, Singapore needs to maximise whatever it can harvest.

1.3.2. Currently, Singapore uses two separate systems to collect rainwater and used water. Rainwater is collected through a comprehensive network of drains, canals, rivers and stormwater collection ponds before it is channelled to Singapore's 17 reservoirs for storage. This makes Singapore one of the few countries in the world to harvest urban stormwater on a large scale for its water supply.

1.3.3. The newest reservoirs are Punggol and Serangoon Reservoirs which are our 16th and 17th reservoirs. By 2011, the water catchment area has increased from half to two-thirds of Singapore’s land surface with the completion of the Marina, Punggol and Serangoon reservoirs.

1.3.4. With all the major estuaries already dammed to create reservoirs, PUB aims to harness water from the remaining streams and rivulets near the shoreline using technology that can treat water of varying salinity. This will boost Singapore’s water catchment area to 90% by 2060.

1.3.5. See more at: http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/LocalCatchment.aspx#sthash.gz9AdFh1.dpuf

2. Imported Water

2.1. Singapore has been importing water from Johor, Malaysia, under two bilateral agreements. The first agreement expired in August 2011 and second agreement will expire in 2061.

3. NEWater

3.1. NEWater Usage: Industry and Drinking Water

3.2. The 3rd National Tap. Use Each Drop of Water More Than Once

4. Desalinated

4.1. In September 2005, Singapore turned on its fourth National Tap, desalinated water, with the opening of the SingSpring Desalination Plant in Tuas .