1. Definition
1.1. CORE CONCEPTS
1.1.1. Monetary Authority
1.1.2. Financial Institution
1.1.3. Government-backed
1.1.4. Centralized Control
1.1.5. Regulatory Body
1.1.6. Independent/State-owned
1.2. ECONOMIC ROLE
1.2.1. Inflation Control
1.2.2. Financial Stability
1.2.3. Interest Rates
1.2.4. Money Supply
1.2.5. Liquidity Management
1.2.6. Credit Regulation
1.2.7. Policy Implementation
1.3. GLOBAL INFLUENCE
1.3.1. International Reserves
1.3.2. Exchange Rates
1.3.3. Economic Growth
1.3.4. Foreign Investments
1.3.5. Trade Balance
1.3.6. Cross-border Transactions
2. Evolution
2.1. ORIGINS
2.1.1. Medieval
2.1.2. Gold Standard
2.1.3. Banknotes
2.1.4. Private Banks
2.2. EXPANSION
2.2.1. Industrialization
2.2.2. Fiat Money
2.2.3. Centralization
2.2.4. Financial Crisis
2.3. GLOBALIZATION
2.3.1. Federal Reserve
2.3.2. World Bank
2.3.3. Inflation Control
2.3.4. Exchange Rates
2.4. MODERN ERA
2.4.1. Digital Currency
2.4.2. Financial Technology
2.4.3. Cryptocurrency
2.4.4. Future Monetary Systems
3. Functions
3.1. MONETARY POLICY
3.1.1. Inflation
3.1.2. Interest Rates
3.1.3. Money Supply
3.2. FINANCIAL STABILITY
3.2.1. Liquidity
3.2.2. Crisis Management
3.2.3. Risk Regulation
3.3. CURRENCY ISSUANCE
3.3.1. Banknotes
3.3.2. Legal Tender
3.3.3. Reserve Management
3.4. REGULATION & SUPERVISION
3.4.1. Commercial Banks
3.4.2. Compliance
3.4.3. Financial Oversight
3.5. FOREX & RESERVES
3.5.1. Exchange Rates
3.5.2. FOREX Reserves
3.5.3. Currency Stability
3.6. LENDER OF LAST RESORT
3.6.1. Emergency Loans
3.6.2. Banking Crisis
3.6.3. Liquidity Support
4. Challenges
4.1. ECONOMIC CHALLENGES
4.1.1. Inflation
4.1.2. Recession
4.1.3. Stagflation
4.2. MONETARY POLICY ISSUES
4.2.1. Interest Rates
4.2.2. Liquidity Trap
4.2.3. Policy Delays
4.3. FINANCIAL SYSTEM RISKS
4.3.1. Banking Crisis
4.3.2. Debt Bubbles
4.3.3. Market Volatility
4.4. GLOBAL PRESSURES
4.4.1. Exchange Rates Fluctuations
4.4.2. Geopolitical Risks
4.4.3. Capital Flows
4.5. TECHNOLOGICAL DISRUPTIONS
4.5.1. Digital Currencies
4.5.2. Fintech
4.5.3. Cybersecurity
4.6. PUBLIC & POLITICAL PRESSURES
4.6.1. Independence
4.6.2. Transparency
4.6.3. Trust & Credibility
5. Major Banks
5.1. GLOBAL POWERHOUSES
5.1.1. Federal Reserve (USA)
5.1.2. European Central Bank (ECB)
5.1.3. Bank of England (BoE)
5.1.4. Bank of Japan (BoJ)
5.1.5. People's Bank of China (PBoC)
5.2. OTHER KEY INFLUENCERS
5.2.1. Swiss National Bank (SNB)
5.2.2. Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
5.2.3. Bank of Canada (BoC)
5.2.4. Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA)