1. 1450-1648
1.1. Unit 1: Renaissance & Exploration
1.1.1. The Middle Ages
1.1.1.1. Serfdom
1.1.1.2. Manors
1.1.1.2.1. Causes of The Shift
1.1.1.3. Highly Religious
1.1.2. The Renaissance (1400s to 1700s)
1.1.2.1. Italian Renaissance
1.1.2.1.1. Scholasticism
1.1.2.1.2. Humanism
1.1.2.1.3. Mannerism
1.1.2.1.4. Patronage
1.1.2.1.5. Italian Art
1.1.2.2. Northern Renaissance
1.1.2.2.1. Northen Renaissance Artists
1.1.2.2.2. Christian Humanism
1.1.2.2.3. Printing Press
1.1.3. Age of Exploration
1.1.3.1. Motivations
1.1.3.1.1. Spread of Christianity (God)
1.1.3.1.2. Mercantilism (Gold)
1.1.3.1.3. Glory
1.1.3.2. Effects
1.1.3.2.1. Colonization
1.1.3.2.2. Global Trade
1.1.3.2.3. Cultural Exchange
1.1.3.2.4. Exploitation & Slavery
1.1.4. Columbian Exchange (Old World)
1.1.4.1. Population Growth
1.1.4.1.1. Intro of new crops
1.1.4.2. Increased wealth and precious metals
1.1.4.3. Shifting populations to cities
1.1.5. Colonial Rivals
1.1.5.1. Portugal v. Spain
1.1.5.1.1. Portuguese Colonization
1.1.5.1.2. Spanish Colonization
1.1.5.2. France v. England v. Dutch
1.1.5.2.1. Dutch Colonization
1.1.5.2.2. English Colonization
1.1.5.2.3. French Colonization
1.1.6. New Monarchies
1.1.6.1. Factors
1.1.6.1.1. Decline of Feudalism
1.1.6.1.2. Growth of Trade & Commerce
1.1.6.1.3. Renaissance
1.1.6.1.4. Religious Reformation
1.1.6.2. Characteristics
1.1.6.2.1. Centralization
1.1.6.2.2. Bureaucracies
1.1.6.2.3. Expansion of Armies
1.1.6.2.4. State control over taxation
1.1.6.3. France
1.1.6.3.1. Expansion of the French Kingdom
1.1.6.3.2. Nobles of the Robe (New nobility)
1.1.6.3.3. Concordat of Bologna
1.1.6.3.4. Taxes
1.1.6.4. Spain
1.1.6.4.1. Queen Isabella of Castille & King Ferdinand of Aragon
1.1.6.5. England
1.1.6.5.1. Centralization of the Monarchy
1.1.6.6. Holy Roman Empire
1.1.6.6.1. Exception - Weakened
1.1.7. Commercial Revolution
1.1.7.1. Continuations
1.1.7.1.1. Tenant Farming (W. Europe)
1.1.7.1.2. Serfdom (E. Europe)
1.1.7.2. Changes
1.1.7.2.1. Agricultural Revolution
1.1.7.2.2. Price Revolution
1.1.7.2.3. Enclosure System
1.1.7.2.4. Commercial Revolution
1.1.7.2.5. Migration to Cities
1.2. Unit 2: Age of Reformation
1.2.1. Critiques of the Catholic Church
1.2.1.1. Corruption
1.2.1.2. Clerical celibacy
1.2.1.3. Papal infallibility
1.2.1.4. Selling of Indulgences
1.2.1.5. Nepotism
1.2.2. Protestant Reformation
1.2.2.1. Martin Luther
1.2.2.1.1. The Three Solae
1.2.2.1.2. Translated Bible into the vernacular
1.2.2.1.3. 95 Theses
1.2.2.1.4. Urged Princes/Nobility to lead the reformation
1.2.2.1.5. Condemned Peasant Revolution
1.2.2.2. Timeline
1.2.2.2.1. 1520: Papal Bull
1.2.2.2.2. 1521: Diet of Worms
1.2.2.2.3. 1530: Augsburg Confession
1.2.2.2.4. 1531: Formation of the Schmalkaldic League
1.2.2.2.5. 1544: Charles returns to Germany after making peace with Italy
1.2.2.2.6. 1546: First War
1.2.2.2.7. 1552: Second War
1.2.2.2.8. 1555: Peace of Augsburg
1.2.2.3. Calvanism (John Calvin)
1.2.2.3.1. Beliefs
1.2.2.3.2. France, Netherlands, Switzerland, and Scotland
1.2.3. State v. Church
1.2.3.1. Anabaptists
1.2.3.1.1. Complete seperation from state
1.2.3.1.2. Adult baptism
1.2.3.2. Britain
1.2.3.2.1. Henry VIII
1.2.3.2.2. Edward VI
1.2.3.2.3. Queen Mary I
1.2.3.2.4. Elizabeth I
1.2.4. Catholic Reformation
1.2.4.1. Counter-Reformation
1.2.4.1.1. Index of Prohibited Books
1.2.4.1.2. Papal Inquisition
1.2.4.1.3. Council of Trent (1545)
1.2.4.1.4. Continuities of Faith
1.2.4.1.5. Jesuits
1.2.5. Wars of Religion
1.2.5.1. French Wars of Religion
1.2.5.1.1. Guise (Militant Catholics) v. Bourbans (Protestants) v. Valois (Catholic)
1.2.5.2. 80 Years' War
1.2.5.2.1. North Dutch (Protestant)
1.2.5.2.2. South Dutch (Catholic)
1.2.5.2.3. "The Apology"
1.2.5.2.4. Spanish Decline
1.2.5.3. 30 Years' War
1.2.5.3.1. Bohemian Period
1.2.5.3.2. Dutch Period
1.2.5.3.3. Swedish Period
1.2.5.3.4. Swedish-French Period
1.2.5.3.5. Treaty of Westphalia
1.2.6. Old Regime (Ancien Régime)
1.2.6.1. Sumptuary Laws
1.2.6.1.1. social segragation by limiting what each class would wear
1.2.6.2. European Privilege
1.2.6.2.1. Exemption from taxation
1.2.6.2.2. Right to practice certain trade or craft
1.2.6.2.3. English Game Laws: exclusive rights to hunt animals for English landowners
1.2.6.3. The Family
1.2.6.3.1. Men and women had to work to put food on the table
1.2.6.3.2. Farming - husband worked in the fields and wife worked in fields around the house
1.2.6.3.3. Cities - whole family worked together
1.2.6.3.4. Reform
1.2.6.4. Women
1.2.6.4.1. Les Querelle des Femmes
1.2.6.4.2. Religious reforms (Protestants)
1.2.6.5. Public Morals
1.2.6.5.1. Public humiliation
1.2.6.5.2. Aboloshing worship of relics, pilgrimages, festivals , and blood sports
1.2.6.5.3. Attacking witchcraft
2. 1648-1815
2.1. Unit 4: Scientific, Philisophical, and Political Developments
2.1.1. Scientific Revolution
2.1.1.1. Causes
2.1.1.1.1. Exploration
2.1.1.1.2. Invention of the Printing Press
2.1.1.1.3. Renaissance
2.1.1.1.4. Reformation
2.1.1.2. Characteristics
2.1.1.2.1. Geographically spread throughout Europe
2.1.1.2.2. Slow moving
2.1.1.2.3. Artisans and craftsman produced the "objects" of discovery
2.1.1.3. Scientific Thinkers & Advancements
2.1.1.3.1. Copernicus
2.1.1.3.2. Brahe
2.1.1.3.3. Kepler
2.1.1.3.4. Galileo
2.1.1.3.5. Newton
2.1.1.3.6. Andreas Vesallius
2.1.1.3.7. William Harvey
2.1.1.3.8. Rene Descartes
2.1.1.3.9. Maria Winkelmann
2.1.1.3.10. Emile du Châtalet
2.1.1.3.11. Margeret Cavendish
2.1.2. Enlightenment
2.1.2.1. The Philisophes
2.1.2.1.1. Immanual Kant
2.1.2.1.2. Social Contract Theory
2.1.2.1.3. Voltaire
2.1.2.1.4. Denis Diderot
2.1.2.1.5. Baron Montesquieu
2.1.2.1.6. Adam Smith
2.1.2.1.7. Mary Wollstonecraft
2.1.2.2. Religion
2.1.2.2.1. Skepticism
2.1.2.2.2. Deism
2.1.2.2.3. Natural Religion
2.1.2.2.4. Religious Toleration
2.1.2.2.5. Pascal's Wager
2.1.2.3. New Institutions of Learning
2.1.2.3.1. Scientific Academies
2.1.2.3.2. Coffeehouses
2.1.2.3.3. Salons
2.1.2.3.4. Masonic Lodges
2.1.3. Enlightened Absolutism
2.1.3.1. Austria
2.1.3.1.1. Maria Theresa
2.1.3.1.2. Joseph II (1765-1790)
2.1.3.2. Prussia
2.1.3.2.1. Frederick William I
2.1.3.2.2. Frederick William II
2.1.3.3. Russia
2.1.3.3.1. Peter the Great (1682-1725)
2.1.3.3.2. Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
2.1.4. 18th Century Society & Demographics
2.1.4.1. Population Growth
2.1.4.1.1. Decline in mortality rate
2.1.4.1.2. Agricultural Revolution
2.1.4.1.3. Higher standard of living
2.1.4.2. Medicinal advancements
2.1.4.2.1. Inoculation of smallpox
2.1.4.2.2. Vaccines
2.1.4.2.3. Improvements in surgery
2.1.4.2.4. Advancements in pharmacology
2.1.4.3. Agricultural Revolution
2.1.4.3.1. New farming techniques
2.1.4.3.2. Enclosure movement
2.1.4.3.3. Urbanization
2.1.4.4. The Cottage Industry
2.1.4.4.1. Urban merchants "put out" raw materials to rural workers
2.1.4.4.2. Rural workers process the materials in their homes and return the finished product to their merchant
2.1.4.5. Urbanization
2.1.4.5.1. Emergence of new social classes
2.1.4.5.2. Sanitation problems
2.1.4.5.3. Unemployment
2.1.4.5.4. Poverty
2.1.4.5.5. Crime
2.1.4.6. Consumer Revolution
2.1.4.6.1. Leisure (Operahouses)
2.1.4.6.2. Luxery (Porcelain)
2.1.4.6.3. Privacy
2.1.4.7. Family
2.1.4.7.1. Marrying later in life
2.1.4.7.2. Early birth control
2.1.4.7.3. Infant and child mortality decreased
2.1.5. 18th Century Culture & Art
2.1.5.1. Literature
2.1.5.1.1. Rise of philosophical and political literature
2.1.5.1.2. Developed public opinion
2.1.5.2. Art
2.1.5.2.1. Rococo
2.1.5.2.2. Neoclassical
2.1.5.3. Music
2.1.5.3.1. Baroque Period
2.1.5.3.2. Classical Period
2.2. Unit 3: Absolutism & Constitutionalism
2.2.1. Absolutism
2.2.1.1. the form of monarchy where the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions, legislatures, or other checks on their authority
2.2.2. English Civil War
2.2.2.1. James I
2.2.2.1.1. Divine Right to Rule
2.2.2.1.2. Rough relationship with Parliament
2.2.2.2. Charles I
2.2.2.2.1. Access to limited Parliamentary revenue
2.2.2.2.2. Petition for Rights (1628)
2.2.2.2.3. Personal Rule (1629 - 1640)
2.2.2.2.4. Sparks English Civil War
2.2.2.3. Oliver Cromwell
2.2.2.3.1. Trains the New Model Army and executes the King (1649)
2.2.2.3.2. Established the Puritan Republic (1649 - 1660)
2.2.2.3.3. Military Dictator
2.2.2.3.4. Suppressed Catholic Rebellions (near genocide)
2.2.2.4. Charles II
2.2.2.4.1. Restoration of the Monarchy
2.2.2.4.2. Pro-Catholic Policies
2.2.2.4.3. Test Act
2.2.2.5. James II
2.2.2.5.1. Pro-Catholic Policies
2.2.2.6. The Glorious Revolution
2.2.2.6.1. William III and Mary II
2.2.3. King Louis XIV of France
2.2.3.1. The Beginning
2.2.3.1.1. The Fronde
2.2.3.2. The Rule
2.2.3.2.1. Political Centralization
2.2.3.2.2. Economic Centralization
2.2.3.2.3. Religious Centralization
2.2.3.2.4. Military Centralization
2.2.4. Dutch Golden Age
2.2.4.1. Dutch Wealth
2.2.4.1.1. VOC
2.2.4.1.2. Bank of Amsterdam
2.2.4.1.3. Amsterdam Stock Exchange
2.2.4.1.4. Agricultural Innovations
2.2.4.2. Dutch East India Company
2.2.5. Balance of Power
2.2.5.1. Louis XIV's Wars
2.2.5.1.1. War of Devolution (1667-1668)
2.2.5.1.2. Franco-Dutch Wars ((1672-1678)
2.2.5.1.3. 9 Years' War (1688-1697)
2.2.5.1.4. War of the Reunions (1683-1684)
2.2.5.2. War of Spanish Succession (1702-1704)
2.2.5.2.1. Phillip of Anjou (Grandson of Louis XIV)
2.2.5.2.2. France vs. The Grand Alliance (England, Netherlands, HRE)
2.2.5.2.3. Treaty of Utrecht
2.2.5.3. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
2.2.5.3.1. Strong Polish nobility could block any action of the monarch
2.2.5.3.2. The Deluge
2.2.5.3.3. Partition of Poland
2.2.5.4. Decline of Ottomon Empire, Spanish Empire, and Portuguese Empire
2.2.5.4.1. Led to the rise of new powers
2.3. Unit 5: Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction of the Late 18th Century
2.3.1. Seven Years War
2.3.1.1. Britain & Prussia vs. France & Austria
2.3.1.1.1. European Theatre
2.3.1.1.2. American Theatre
2.3.1.2. Treaty of Paris (1763)
2.3.1.2.1. French Territory to England
2.3.1.2.2. Prussia emerged as a major European power
2.3.1.2.3. Significant debt
2.3.1.3. Britain is the greater European power
2.3.2. American Revolution
2.3.2.1. Demonstrated the possibility of a government based on enlightened principles
2.3.2.2. DID NOT diminish power of England
2.3.2.3. Significant debts for Britain & France
2.3.2.4. Inspired the French Revolution
2.3.3. French Revolution
2.3.3.1. Causes
2.3.3.1.1. Economic crisis from debt and unfair taxes
2.3.3.1.2. Social inequality (Estates)
2.3.3.1.3. Enlightenment ideas
2.3.3.1.4. Failure of the Monarchy
2.3.3.1.5. Food shortages
2.3.3.1.6. Grievences of Peasants, Bourgouis, and Aristocrats
2.3.3.1.7. Absolutist & arbitrary government
2.3.3.2. Estates General
2.3.3.2.1. First Estate (Clergy)
2.3.3.2.2. Second Estate (Nobility)
2.3.3.2.3. Third Estate (Peasants)
2.3.3.3. Tennis Court Oath (June 1789)
2.3.3.3.1. Third Estate walks out of Estates General with some members of 1st and 2nd Estate
2.3.3.3.2. Formed the National Assembly and promised to meet until their grievences are fulfilled
2.3.3.4. Moderate Phase
2.3.3.4.1. Storming of the Bastille (July 1789)
2.3.3.4.2. Capitulation
2.3.3.4.3. "The Great Fear" (July-August 1789)
2.3.3.4.4. Decrees of August 4
2.3.3.4.5. Decleration of the Rights of Man & Citizen (DOROMAC)
2.3.3.4.6. Women's March on Versailles (October 1789)
2.3.3.4.7. Civic Constitution of the Clergy (1790)
2.3.3.4.8. Constitution of 1791
2.3.3.5. Radical Phase
2.3.3.5.1. Jacobins (moderate radicals)
2.3.3.5.2. Sans-culotte (most radical)
2.3.3.5.3. Causes
2.3.3.5.4. Reign of Terror
2.3.3.6. Thermidorian Reaction
2.3.3.6.1. "White Terror"
2.3.3.6.2. Revoked male suffrage
2.3.3.6.3. Closed radical Paris Commune
2.3.3.6.4. Revival of Catholicism, Aristocracy, and Monarchy
2.3.3.6.5. Establisment of the Directory
2.3.3.7. Coup of 18-19 Brumaire
2.3.3.7.1. Naopleon forces resignation of the Directory
2.3.3.8. Edmund Burke
2.3.3.8.1. British Politician
2.3.3.8.2. Reform can only happen by evolving the present political structure
2.3.3.8.3. "I told you so"
2.3.4. Haitian Revolution
2.3.4.1. French Republic abolishes slavery
2.3.4.2. Toussaint L'Ouverture wants to restore the plantation system for economic advantages but the former slaves don't want to
2.3.4.3. Napoleon attempts to retake the island reinstate slavery
2.3.4.4. 1804: Decleration of Freedom
2.3.4.5. First successful slave revolt in history
2.3.4.6. Inspired other slave revolts in S. America
2.3.5. Napoleon Bonaparte
2.3.5.1. Constitution of Year VIII
2.3.5.1.1. Establishes Napoleon as First Consul for life
2.3.5.2. Constitution of Year XII
2.3.5.2.1. Establishes Napoleon as Emperor of the French Empire
2.3.5.3. Reforms
2.3.5.3.1. The Good
2.3.5.3.2. The Bad
2.3.5.4. Wars
2.3.5.4.1. Military tactics
2.3.5.4.2. Battle of Trafalgar
2.3.5.4.3. Continental System
2.3.5.4.4. Battle of Austerlitz
2.3.5.4.5. Battle of Jena
2.3.5.4.6. Battle of the Nations & March on Paris (1814)
2.3.5.4.7. Exile to Elba
2.3.5.4.8. The Hundred Days
2.3.5.4.9. Battle of Waterloo
2.3.5.5. Rise of Nationalism
2.3.5.5.1. Peninsular War (1808-1814)
2.3.5.5.2. German nationalism
2.3.5.5.3. Russian nationalism
2.3.6. Congress of Vienna
2.3.6.1. Led by Austrian Chancellor Prince Metternich
2.3.6.2. Restoration of Monarchs and conservatism
2.3.6.3. Restoration of the BALANCE OF POWER
2.3.6.4. Promote peace and stability in Europe
2.3.7. Romanticism
2.3.7.1. Emphasis on the individual
2.3.7.2. Emphasis on imagination and emotion, not reason
2.3.7.3. Rise of Romantic Nationalism
2.3.7.3.1. "Liberty Leading the People" (Eugéne Delacroix)
2.3.7.4. Literature
2.3.7.4.1. William Woodsworth
2.3.7.4.2. Samuel Taylor Coolridge
2.3.7.4.3. Percy and Mary Shelley
3. 1815-1914
3.1. Unit 6: Industrialization & Effects
3.1.1. Spread of Industrialization
3.1.1.1. Britain
3.1.1.1.1. Ready access to raw materials
3.1.1.1.2. Expanding middle class
3.1.1.1.3. Private investments
3.1.1.1.4. Pro-Business Parliament
3.1.1.1.5. The Great Exhibition (1851)
3.1.1.2. Continental Europe
3.1.1.2.1. Slower to develop
3.1.1.2.2. Changes
3.1.2. First Industrial Revolution
3.1.2.1. 1750s
3.1.2.2. Machine Production
3.1.2.3. Mass production of Textiles
3.1.2.4. Water, coal, and steam are main power sources
3.1.2.5. Steam engine is the primary engine
3.1.2.6. Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Steam engine, Cotton Gin, Power loom, Telegraph, steamboats, and Bessemer process.
3.1.2.7. Awful standard of living
3.1.3. Second Industrial Revolution
3.1.3.1. 1870s
3.1.3.2. Introduction of the Assembly Line
3.1.3.3. Mass production of steel
3.1.3.4. Petrol & Electricity are the main power sources
3.1.3.5. Internal combustion engines
3.1.3.6. Light bulb, telephone, dynamite, plastics, dyes, automobiles, radio, refrigeration, typewriters
3.1.3.7. Better standard of living than 1st IR but still worse
3.1.4. Social Structure
3.1.4.1. Nuclear Family
3.1.4.1.1. Most efficient and productive family structure
3.1.4.1.2. More child-centered
3.1.4.2. Upper Middle Class (Bourgeoise)
3.1.4.2.1. Classical liberalism
3.1.4.2.2. Increased suffrage
3.1.4.3. Middle Class
3.1.4.3.1. Small entrepreneurs and professionals
3.1.4.4. Lower Middle Class (White-collar)
3.1.4.4.1. secretaries, clerks, lower bureacracy
3.1.4.4.2. Wanted to seperate themselves from working class
3.1.4.5. Working class (Proletariat)
3.1.4.5.1. "Blue-collar workers"
3.1.4.5.2. Wanted most radical social reforms
3.1.4.6. Cult of Domesticity
3.1.4.6.1. Women are responsible for a nurturing and comfortable environment at home
3.1.4.6.2. Women should be submissive, obedient, and morally pure
3.1.4.6.3. Education but only in domestic subjects
3.1.5. Reforms
3.1.5.1. Luddites
3.1.5.1.1. Broke machines after getting fired
3.1.5.2. Rise of Labor Unions
3.1.5.3. 1838 People's Charter
3.1.5.3.1. Universal male suffrage
3.1.5.3.2. Secret ballot
3.1.5.3.3. Annual election of Parliament
3.1.5.3.4. Salaries to Parliament
3.1.5.4. Public Health
3.1.5.4.1. Germ Theory
3.1.5.4.2. Regulations
3.1.5.5. Housing
3.1.5.5.1. Providing adequate and cheap housing
3.1.5.5.2. In reality, clear slums and gentrify neigborhoods
3.1.5.6. Urban Planning
3.1.5.7. Factory Act of 1833
3.1.5.7.1. Children under 9, no work
3.1.5.7.2. Children 9-13, 9 hours of work
3.1.5.7.3. Childrem 13-18. 12 hours of work
3.1.5.7.4. 2 hours of mandatory school everyday
3.1.5.8. Mines Act of 1842
3.1.5.8.1. No women/children under 10 to work in mines
3.1.5.9. 10 Hours Act of 1847
3.1.5.9.1. Children/women can only work 10 hours per day
3.1.6. Concert of Europe
3.1.6.1. Emerged from Congress of Vienna
3.1.6.2. Regular meetings between major powers to discuss & resolve issues
3.1.6.3. Use of diplomacy & negotiation instead of military
3.1.6.4. System of alliances and treates to promote security
3.1.6.5. National sovereingty & self-determinism
3.1.7. Age of "Isms"
3.1.7.1. Utilitarianism
3.1.7.1.1. greatest good for the greatest number
3.1.7.2. Conservatism
3.1.7.2.1. Favored old institutions & traditions
3.1.7.2.2. Opposed to social & political change
3.1.7.2.3. BALANCE OF POWER
3.1.7.2.4. Prevention of furthur revolts
3.1.7.2.5. Edmund Burke & Metternich
3.1.7.3. Liberalism
3.1.7.3.1. Freedom of expression & speech
3.1.7.3.2. Human progress is inevitable
3.1.7.3.3. Constitutional Monarchy
3.1.7.3.4. Limited Government
3.1.7.3.5. Laissez-faire economics
3.1.7.3.6. Iron Law of Wages (David Ricardo)
3.1.7.3.7. Malthusian Trap
3.1.7.3.8. Supported by Middle Class
3.1.7.3.9. Adam Smith, John Locke
3.1.7.4. Feminism
3.1.7.5. Socialism
3.1.7.5.1. Against the problems & corruption of Capitalism & Industrialism
3.1.7.5.2. Utopian Socialism
3.1.7.6. Nationalism
3.1.7.6.1. Pride for own's country and unity
3.1.7.6.2. Primary loyalty to nation
3.1.7.6.3. Constructive vs. Aggressive. vs. Destructive Nationalism
3.1.7.6.4. Effects
3.1.7.7. Orthodox Marxism
3.1.7.7.1. Blames capitalism for problems
3.1.7.7.2. Proletariat will overthrow Bourgeoisie
3.1.7.7.3. Socialism then Pure communism
3.1.7.7.4. Will first spread in the most industrialized nations
3.1.7.8. Communism
3.1.7.8.1. Extreme socialism
3.1.7.8.2. Single party dictatorship
3.1.7.8.3. Extreme nationalism
3.1.7.9. Anarchism
3.1.7.9.1. No government
3.1.7.9.2. Emma Goldman
3.1.8. Revolts & Revolutions
3.1.8.1. War of Greek Independence (1821-29)
3.1.8.1.1. W.Democracy/Christianity vs. E.Despotism/Islam
3.1.8.1.2. Successful
3.1.8.2. Russian Decembrist Revolution (1825)
3.1.8.2.1. Failed
3.1.8.2.2. Liberals (Constantine) vs. Conservatives (Tsar Nicholas I)
3.1.8.3. The Revolutions of 1830
3.1.8.3.1. France, Belgium, and Poland
3.1.8.3.2. Demand for constitutional reforms and greater political participation
3.1.8.3.3. Overthrow of Bourban monarchy in France
3.1.8.3.4. Belgian independence
3.1.8.4. Polish Rebellion (1830-31 & 1863-64)
3.1.8.4.1. November Uprisings
3.1.8.4.2. January Uprisings
3.1.8.5. The Revolutions of 1848
3.1.8.5.1. Causes
3.1.8.5.2. France forms the Second Republic (1848)
3.1.8.5.3. Napoleon III becomes elected as President
3.1.8.5.4. Napoleon III seizes power in a coup and becomes the Emperor of the Second French Empire
3.1.8.6. Russian Revolution of 1905
3.1.8.6.1. Demand for constitutional monarchy, universal suffrage, and abolition of serfdom
3.1.8.6.2. Failed
3.1.9. Political Parties
3.1.9.1. Conservative Party (Tories)
3.1.9.1.1. Traditional value & institutions
3.1.9.1.2. Free-market economy and limited government intervention
3.1.9.1.3. The Second Reform Act (1867)
3.1.9.2. Liberal Party (Whigs)
3.1.9.2.1. Individual freedom & social justice
3.1.9.2.2. PM Gladstone
3.1.9.3. British Labour Party
3.1.9.3.1. Socialist
3.1.9.3.2. Nationalization of industries, expansion of welfare, and worker's rights
3.1.9.4. Russian Social Democratic Party
3.1.9.4.1. Marxist
3.1.9.5. German Social Democratic Party
3.2. Unit 7: 19th Century Perspective and Political Developments
3.2.1. National Unifications & Diplomatic Tensions
3.2.1.1. Crimean War (1853-1856)
3.2.1.1.1. Russia vs. France, England, Ottomons
3.2.1.1.2. Due to Russian expansionism into Crimea and the Ottoman Empire
3.2.1.1.3. First major conflict to use modern tech (rifles, trenches, telegraphs, railroads)
3.2.1.1.4. First war to be photographed and covered by the media
3.2.1.1.5. Demonstrated the weakness of Europe and the breakdown of the Concert of Europe
3.2.1.1.6. Allowed for the Unification of Italy & Germany
3.2.1.2. Italian Unification (1859-1861)
3.2.1.2.1. Mazzini
3.2.1.2.2. CM Cavour
3.2.1.2.3. Garibaldi
3.2.1.2.4. 1861 - Kingdom of Italy is established
3.2.1.2.5. However...
3.2.1.3. German Unification
3.2.1.3.1. The German Confederation
3.2.1.3.2. Otto Von Bismarck
3.2.1.3.3. Danish War (1864)
3.2.1.3.4. Austro-Prussian War (1866)
3.2.1.3.5. Franco-Prussian War (1870)
3.2.1.4. Austro-Hungarian Empire
3.2.1.4.1. Compromise of 1867
3.2.1.4.2. Anti-semitism
3.2.1.5. Second French Empire to the Third French Republic
3.2.1.5.1. The Authoritarian Empire (1852-59)
3.2.1.5.2. Unpopularity
3.2.1.5.3. The Liberal Empire (1860-1870)
3.2.1.5.4. The Thrid French Republic (1870)
3.2.1.6. Balkan Wars of 1912-13
3.2.1.6.1. Due to rising nationalism and weakining of the Ottomans
3.2.1.6.2. First Balkan War (1912)
3.2.1.6.3. Second Balkan War (1913)
3.2.1.6.4. Weakened the Ottoman Empire more
3.2.1.6.5. Increased tensions between the Balkan states which led to WWI
3.2.2. Social Darwinism
3.2.2.1. Some races and social classes are inherently superior to others
3.2.2.2. W. Europeans were the most scientifically advanced race
3.2.2.3. Good - Humanitarian Aid
3.2.2.4. Bad - Herbel Spencer
3.2.2.4.1. If the weak are too protected, the rest of humankind suffers
3.2.2.5. Used to justify imperialism, colonialsim, eugenics, and racist/discriminatory policies
3.2.2.6. "White Man's Burden"
3.2.3. Berlin Conference (1884-85)
3.2.3.1. Organized by Bismarck
3.2.3.2. Formalized the "Scramble for Africa"
3.2.3.3. No African representation
3.2.4. Imperialism
3.2.4.1. New vs. Old Imperalism
3.2.4.1.1. Old Imperialism
3.2.4.1.2. New Imperialism
3.2.4.2. Types of Imperialistic Rule
3.2.4.2.1. Direct Rule
3.2.4.2.2. Indirect Rule/Protectorate
3.2.4.2.3. Sphere of Influence
3.2.4.3. Methods
3.2.4.3.1. Military force
3.2.4.3.2. Economic exploitation
3.2.4.3.3. Cultural hegemony
3.2.4.3.4. Diplomacy
3.2.4.3.5. Propaganda
3.2.4.4. Advancements
3.2.4.4.1. Advanced weaponry
3.2.4.4.2. Faster communication & transportation
3.2.4.4.3. Medicine
3.2.4.5. National movements against Imperalism
3.2.4.5.1. The Boxer Rebellion in China
3.2.4.5.2. Sepoy Mutiny
3.2.4.6. Effects in Europe
3.2.4.6.1. Boosted European economies
3.2.4.6.2. Diplomatic tensions between European countries
3.2.4.6.3. Spread of European culture & values
3.2.5. Philosophies
3.2.5.1. Positivism
3.2.5.1.1. August Comte
3.2.5.1.2. science is the final stage of human intellectual development that produces progress
3.2.5.1.3. Policies should be based on empirical evidence rather than ideology
3.2.5.2. Modernism
3.2.5.2.1. No one truth
3.2.5.2.2. Modernist Art
3.2.5.3. Determinism
3.2.5.3.1. all events are determined by past events
3.2.5.4. Relativism
3.2.5.4.1. all truths are not absolute in every culture or society
3.2.5.5. Realism
3.2.5.5.1. lives of ordinary people
3.2.5.5.2. Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert
3.2.5.6. Irrationalism
3.2.5.6.1. Sigmund Freud
3.2.5.6.2. Friedrich Nietzche
3.2.5.6.3. Albert Einstein
4. 1914 - present
4.1. Unit 8: 20th Century Global Conflicts
4.1.1. World War I
4.1.1.1. Causes
4.1.1.1.1. Militarism
4.1.1.1.2. Alliances
4.1.1.1.3. Imperialism
4.1.1.1.4. Nationalism
4.1.1.2. Timeline
4.1.1.2.1. Lead up
4.1.1.2.2. War
4.1.1.2.3. Treaty of Versailles
4.1.1.3. Military advancements
4.1.1.3.1. Tanks
4.1.1.3.2. Poison Gas
4.1.1.3.3. Airplanes
4.1.1.3.4. Machine Guns
4.1.1.3.5. Submarines
4.1.1.3.6. Trench Warfare
4.1.1.3.7. Telecommunications
4.1.1.3.8. Medical advancements
4.1.2. Russia
4.1.2.1. Russian Revolution
4.1.2.1.1. Causes
4.1.2.1.2. February Revolution of 1917
4.1.2.1.3. Provisional Government
4.1.2.1.4. October Revolution of 1917
4.1.2.2. Russian Civil War (1918-22)
4.1.2.2.1. Red Army (Bolsheviks) vs. White Army (Tsarists/menshiviks)
4.1.2.2.2. Lenin's War Communism
4.1.2.2.3. Lenin's New Economic Policy (1921)
4.1.2.2.4. Establishment of the USSR
4.1.2.3. Stalin
4.1.2.3.1. Five Year Plans
4.1.2.3.2. Collectivization
4.1.2.3.3. The Great Purge (1936-38)
4.1.2.3.4. Reversal of women's rights
4.1.3. Great Depression
4.1.3.1. Causes
4.1.3.1.1. Stock Market Crash of 1929
4.1.3.1.2. Overproduction
4.1.3.1.3. Overconsumption
4.1.3.2. Effects
4.1.3.2.1. Collapse of European Banks
4.1.3.3. Keynesian Economics
4.1.3.3.1. Increase in government spending
4.1.3.3.2. Deficit spending
4.1.4. Rise of Fascism
4.1.4.1. Characteristics
4.1.4.1.1. Totalitarianism
4.1.4.1.2. Cult of Personality
4.1.4.1.3. Rejection of democracy and individual rights
4.1.4.1.4. Extreme militarism
4.1.4.1.5. Capitalism
4.1.4.1.6. Using propoganda, censorship, and biolence to maintain control
4.1.4.2. Germany
4.1.4.2.1. Rise of the Nazi party due to exploiting postwar bitterness and economic instability
4.1.4.2.2. President Hindenburg names Hitler as Chancellor for political support
4.1.4.2.3. Enabling Act
4.1.4.3. Spain
4.1.4.3.1. Military coup established military dictatorship
4.1.4.3.2. Creation of Spanish Republic
4.1.4.3.3. Civil War
4.1.4.3.4. Popular Front (socialism) vs National Front (fascists)
4.1.5. Holocaust
4.1.5.1. Hitler & Nazi Party blamed Jews for German economic problems
4.1.5.2. Nuremberg Laws
4.1.5.2.1. Designed to exclude Jews from German society
4.1.5.2.2. The Law of Protection of German Blood & German Honour
4.1.5.2.3. The Reich Citizenship Law
4.1.5.3. Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)
4.1.5.3.1. Destuction of synagogues, Jewish homes and businesses, and arrests
4.1.5.4. Methods
4.1.5.4.1. Ghettos
4.1.5.4.2. Concentration Camps
4.1.5.4.3. Death camps
4.1.5.5. Wanshee Conference
4.1.5.5.1. Sophisticated effort to exterminate Jews from Europe
4.1.6. World War II
4.1.6.1. Lead up
4.1.6.1.1. Appeasement
4.1.6.1.2. German Rearnament
4.1.6.1.3. Takeover of Rhineland
4.1.6.1.4. Conquest of Austria
4.1.6.1.5. Conquest of Sudetanland
4.1.6.1.6. Munich Agreement
4.1.6.1.7. Nazi-Soviet Aggression Pact
4.1.6.2. War
4.1.6.2.1. Start: Sept 1. 1939
4.1.6.2.2. European Theatre
4.1.6.2.3. Pacific Theatre
4.1.6.2.4. Results
4.2. Unit 9: Cold War & Contemporary Europe
4.2.1. Rebuilding Europe after WWII
4.2.1.1. US Marshall Plan
4.2.1.1.1. Financed extensive reconstruction of industries and infra in Europe
4.2.1.1.2. Combat spread of Communism
4.2.1.1.3. Increased standard of living
4.2.1.1.4. Saved European democracy
4.2.1.1.5. Spread American consumerism
4.2.1.2. Welfare State
4.2.1.2.1. Cradle-to-grave social welfare benefits
4.2.1.2.2. Provide greater happiness
4.2.1.2.3. Redistribution of taxes
4.2.1.2.4. Increase gov. spending
4.2.1.3. The Beveridge Plan
4.2.1.3.1. Elimate want, squalor, ignorance, disease, and idleness
4.2.1.3.2. Creation of the NHS
4.2.2. The Cold War
4.2.2.1. West (US & Democracy)
4.2.2.1.1. NATO
4.2.2.1.2. IMF
4.2.2.1.3. World Bank
4.2.2.1.4. World Trade Organization
4.2.2.2. East (USSR & Communism)
4.2.2.2.1. Warsaw Pact
4.2.2.2.2. COMECON
4.2.2.3. Conflicts
4.2.2.3.1. Korean War (1950-53)
4.2.2.3.2. Vietnam War (1955-75)
4.2.2.3.3. Hungarian Uprising (1956)
4.2.2.3.4. Germany
4.2.2.3.5. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
4.2.2.3.6. Prague Spring
4.2.2.3.7. Soviet-Afghan War (1979-89)
4.2.2.3.8. Arab-Israeli War
4.2.3. End of Communism
4.2.3.1. Lenin (1917-22)
4.2.3.2. Stalin (1922-53)
4.2.3.2.1. WWII
4.2.3.3. Krushchev (1953-82)
4.2.3.3.1. Secret Speech (1962)
4.2.3.3.2. Destalinization
4.2.3.3.3. Cuban Missile Crisis
4.2.3.4. Gorbachev (1985-91)
4.2.3.4.1. Seperation from Soviet satalite states
4.2.3.4.2. Perestroika
4.2.3.4.3. Glasnost
4.2.3.4.4. Chernobyl
4.2.3.5. Fall of Berlin Wall (1989)
4.2.3.6. Reunification of Germany (1990)
4.2.3.7. Dissolution of the USSR (1991)
4.2.4. Post-War Nationalism
4.2.4.1. Basque
4.2.4.1.1. Anti-Spain & France
4.2.4.1.2. Unsuccessful
4.2.4.2. Chechnya
4.2.4.2.1. Anti-Russian
4.2.4.3. Yugoslavia
4.2.4.3.1. Joseph Tito
4.2.4.3.2. Balkan Wars
4.2.5. Feminism
4.2.5.1. 1st Wave Feminism
4.2.5.1.1. Women's suffrage
4.2.5.1.2. Access to education & employment
4.2.5.2. 2nd Wave Feminism
4.2.5.2.1. Reproductive rights
4.2.5.2.2. Workplace discrimination
4.2.5.2.3. Equal pay
4.2.5.2.4. Work-life balance
4.2.5.3. 3rd Wave Feminism
4.2.5.3.1. Intersectionality
4.2.5.3.2. Gender identity
4.2.5.3.3. representation in media and politics
4.2.6. Decolonization
4.2.6.1. Causes
4.2.6.1.1. Inspired by Wilson's self-determinism
4.2.6.1.2. Weak Europe after WWII
4.2.6.1.3. Anti-colonial movements
4.2.6.2. Mostly peaceful methods
4.2.7. European Union
4.2.7.1. Timeline
4.2.7.1.1. European Coal & Steel Community
4.2.7.1.2. EEC (Common Market)
4.2.7.1.3. Maastricht Treaty (1991)
4.2.7.1.4. Brexit
4.2.7.2. Purpose
4.2.7.2.1. A single market for goods, services, capital, and labor
4.2.7.2.2. Promoting economic and social progress
4.2.7.2.3. Strenthening rule of law and human rights
4.2.7.2.4. Cooperation on foreign and security policies
4.2.8. Migrations
4.2.8.1. Asia/Africa to Europe
4.2.8.2. S. Europe to N. Europe
4.2.8.3. Reasons
4.2.8.3.1. Economic oppurtunities
4.2.8.3.2. Political instability at home
4.2.8.3.3. Conflicts at home
4.2.8.4. Increased discriminations towards immigrants
4.2.8.5. Rise of nationalism
4.2.9. Technology
4.2.9.1. Birth control
4.2.9.2. IVF
4.2.9.3. Abortion
4.2.9.4. Genetic Engineering
4.2.9.5. Computers
4.2.9.6. Nuclear weapons
4.2.9.7. Missiles
4.2.9.8. Drones
4.2.9.9. Antibiotics
4.2.10. Globalization
4.2.10.1. Drivers
4.2.10.1.1. Technoligical advancements
4.2.10.1.2. Transportation
4.2.10.1.3. Removal of tarrifs
4.2.10.2. Effects
4.2.10.2.1. Increased economic growth
4.2.10.2.2. Increased cultural exchange
4.2.10.2.3. Increased inequality
4.2.10.2.4. Environemntal degredation
4.2.10.3. Rise of Multi-National Corporations
4.2.10.3.1. Nestlé
4.2.10.4. Rise of International Corporations
4.2.10.4.1. UN/NATO/IMF
4.2.10.5. Rise of NGOs
4.2.10.5.1. UNICEF/Red Cross