Erbium

1. Sedov-Taylor model

1.1. The plasma expansion in vacuum, is correctly described by the model of Anisimov. In the presence of a gas, Sedov-Taylor model correctly reproduces the shock wave but above estimates the kinetic energy and the pressure of the expanding plasma. This situation is solved using a modification of Freiwald-Axford model. Finally it is confirmed that once the plasma up to the point of final expansion, it enters a diffusive process in the surrounding gas.

2. piezoelectricity

2.1. It is a phenomenon that occurs in certain crystals, when subjected to mechanical stresses, in mass acquire an electrical polarization and shows a potential difference and electric charges on its surface.

3. láser

3.1. Erbium Yag laser is used for skin rejuvenation getting very satisfactory results in the treatment of superficial and deep facial wrinkles and signs of photoaging.

4. laser ablation

4.1. is a procedure used to remove or extract the material from the surface of a solid (occasionally can be used in liquids) by irradiating with a laser beam that

4.1.1. Function: when the radiation flux is low, the surface of the material is heated by absorbing the energy of the photon beam and sublimes or evaporates. When the flow is very intense radiation, usually, the material is transformed into a plasma.

4.2. The process is accomplished by controlling the duration of the laser pulses, which can vary from a few milliseconds and a few femtoseconds or controlling the flow intensity. This precise control makes this technique very valuable both at research and industrial level.

5. Shock wave

5.1. In fluid mechanics, a shock wave is a pressure wave produced by a sharp object that is traveling faster than the speed of sound in said medium, which through various phenomena produces extreme pressure differences and temperature increase

5.2. The term is also applied to designate any type of wave propagation, and carries therefore energy through a continuous medium