1. Johor-Riau
1.1. Connections
1.1.1. The Portuguese attacked and conquered Melaka in 1511
1.1.2. Johor was part of the Melaka sultanate.
1.1.3. Singapore came under the control of the Johor-Riau Sultanate.
1.1.4. A descendant of the ruler of Melaka set up a new capital and established the Johor-Riau sultanate
2. British
2.1. Interest in SEA
2.1.1. First focused attention on India.
2.1.2. Set up trading settlement s and factories in India in 1612
2.1.3. Managed to establish themselves in SEA by the late 18th century because they were interested in trade with China as well as the spice trade in SEA.
2.1.4. Wanted to set up ports which would compete again the Dutch ports in Riau and Sumatra, and help control the sea route between India and China.
2.2. Why Singapore
2.2.1. Bencoolen was not effective as a base for the British to compete with the Dutch.
2.2.2. Possessed an excellent harbour and snchorage on its southern shores.
2.2.3. More convenient compared to Riau
2.2.4. Aided the British in the protection of the China trade passing down the straits.
2.3. Reaction
2.3.1. The Dutch were displeased.
2.3.2. The Dutch protested and threatened to use force to drive the British out of Singapore.
2.4. Development
2.4.1. The British were able to develop as a trading settlement after signing an Anglo-Dutch treaty in 1824
2.4.2. Singapore became a free port where trades flourished.
2.4.3. Singapore became the centre of British trade with China, Indies, Siam, Annam and Cambodia.
2.4.4. Singapore served as an entrepot for British and Indian products.
2.5. Settlement
2.5.1. By 1832, Singapore replaced Penang as the Straits Settlement.
2.5.2. There were 16000 inhabitants in Singapore by 1832.
2.5.3. By 1850. the population exceeded more than 80000.
3. Melaka
3.1. Connections
3.1.1. Singapore came under the control of the Kingdom of Melaka.
3.1.2. During the 15th century, Melaka took over Singapore as the key trading port in the region.
3.1.3. Melaka pledged loyalty to the Ming emperor.
3.1.4. Singapore came under the controls of rulers of Melaka in the 15th century.
4. Dutch
4.1. Connections
4.1.1. There was an intense trade rivalry between the Portuguese and the Dutch.
4.1.2. The Dutch often attacked Portuguese merchant ships
4.1.3. The rivalry ended in 1641
4.1.4. The Dutch became the main European power in the Malay Archipelago.
4.1.5. The Dutch controlled a large part of the region including Java and Melaka.
4.1.6. The Dutch wanted to gain a monopoly over the spice trade