Respiratory Problem by Ageing

1. No change in total lung capacity

2. Diminished diaphragmatic movement and chest expansion

2.1. Kyphosis of the thoracic spine, osteoporotic vertebral collapse, antero-posterior diameter of the chest to increase "barrel-chest"

3. Reduced cough and bronchial ciliary activity

4. Reduction in pulmonary function with decreased tidal and minute volumes, vital capacity

4.1. Age dose not hamper the response to pulmonary rehabilitation of COPD patients

4.2. Improvements in exercise tolerance and quality of life can be achieved and sustained for 6 months in patients undergoing respiratory rehabilitation compared with those receiving conventional care.

4.3. UUEE can relieve dyspnea and arm fatigue in patients with COPD during ADL and should be included in the PR program

4.4. We therefore concluded that a short outpatient based pulmonary rehabilitation programme without a maintenance element has produced significant gains in exercise performance and quality of life for 132 patients at a district general hospital in the U.K.

5. Decreased PO2 and FEV1

5.1. physical performance, carcopenia and respiratory function in older patients with chronic obstryctive pulmanary disease

5.2. Total body FM was an independent determinant of walking speed, Excess body fat may be harmful for physical functioning among elders with COPD.

6. Increase in residual volume

7. Other factors influencing lung volumes