1. Teacher Centered
1.1. Presentation
1.1.1. Advantage
1.1.1.1. You only have to present the material one time for all students.
1.1.1.2. Students can take notes while the teacher presents.
1.1.1.3. Use technology and media resources for current information
1.1.1.4. Students can present information to the whole class or in small groups
1.1.2. Disadvantage
1.1.2.1. Not all students learn best in the presentation format. To overcome this obstacle, include multiple ways to present information
1.1.2.2. Could be considered boring without interaction from students. To overcome, include ways to get students involved in presentation
1.1.2.3. Could be difficult to take notes if students have not been taught how to take efficient notes. To overcome, prepare a note sheet.
1.1.2.4. Younger students may have trouble sitting through a long presentation. To overcome, adjust the presentation time based on the students age and attention span level.
1.2. Demonstration
1.2.1. Advantage
1.2.1.1. Students are able to see how to do the procedure before doing it themselves.
1.2.1.2. Teachers can guide students through the task by demonstrating each step as students follow.
1.2.1.3. When there is only a limited amount of supplies, a teacher can simply demonstrate for everyone to see.
1.2.1.4. When supplies are potentially dangerous, teachers can handle the supplies in a demonstration.
1.2.2. Disadvantage
1.2.2.1. When teachers only give a demonstration, students are losing the hands on experience.
1.2.2.2. Not every student may be able to view demonstration. To overcome, teachers may project demonstration on board.
1.2.2.3. The pace may be to fast for some students to follow. To overcome, record demonstration and allow students to view it again if needed.
1.3. Drill and Practice
1.3.1. Advantage
1.3.1.1. Students receive corrective feedback on their responses.
1.3.1.2. Information is not overloaded to students, allowing them to practice, digest, and try out new information in chunks.
1.3.1.3. Practice is constructed into small chunks of information. This gives students the immediate opportunity to try out the new knowledge in a positive way
1.3.2. Disadvantage
1.3.2.1. Not all students respond the best to the repetitiveness of drill and practice. To overcome, limit the time or amount of problems.
1.3.2.2. Some students may get bored with this type of strategy. To overcome, review information, but only assign the material that is relevant.
1.3.2.3. If student is not responsive or does not adapt well to this type of instruction, doing more drill and practice will not be beneficial. To overcome, keep track of progress, and change strategy if acceptable learning is not occurring.
1.4. Tutorial
1.4.1. Advantage
1.4.1.1. Students work independently on assignments and receive feedback about progress.
1.4.1.2. Students work at their own pace and have the option to repeat sections they need further review on.
1.4.1.3. Computer based tutorials respond to the individual needs and skill level of each student. Only allows students to move on to new material after section has been mastered.
1.4.2. Disadvantage
1.4.2.1. May not hold students attention without variation in the tutorial material.
1.4.2.2. Students may get frustrated if they are not progressing in the tutorial. To overcome, teachers need to make sure every student is at their ability level.
1.4.2.3. Students may not move through material effectively without proper guidance from the teacher. To overcome, teachers must carefully select and provide ongoing support.
2. Student Centered
2.1. Discussion
2.1.1. Advantages
2.1.1.1. More interesting than listening someone simply tell facts.
2.1.1.2. Allows all students the opportunity to speak
2.1.1.3. Challenges students to critically think about the material and apply what they have learned.
2.1.1.4. Can bring about new ideas
2.1.2. Disadvantages
2.1.2.1. Not all students may want or get to participate. To overcome, teachers need to make sure all students get a chance to participate.
2.1.2.2. Sometimes students do not go above and beyond what they already know.
2.1.2.3. The questions to be evaluated in discussions may be too difficult for students
2.1.2.4. May not be age appropriate with younger students. To overcome, teachers need to direct discussions.
2.2. Cooperative Learning
2.2.1. Advantages
2.2.1.1. Mixes the ability level off students within group which leads to learning benefits for whole group.
2.2.1.2. Can be formal or informal based on lesson needs
2.2.1.3. Learning opportunities from long term groups
2.2.1.4. Used with all conent areas
2.2.2. Disadvantages
2.2.2.1. There is a small group limit
2.2.2.2. If overused, strategy can lose effectiveness.
2.2.2.3. Limitation on groups. Grouping must mix ability levels to better enhance learning.
2.3. Games
2.3.1. Advantages
2.3.1.1. Quickly engages student learning.
2.3.1.2. Games can be adapted to meet learning outcomes.
2.3.1.3. Can be used in a variety of settings from the whole class to groups to individually.
2.3.1.4. Gain students attention by being colorful, interactive, and competitive.
2.3.2. Disadvantage
2.3.2.1. Can be too competitive
2.3.2.2. Game may be too difficult. To overcome, match games with student's ability level.
2.3.2.3. Games can be expensive to purchase. To overcome, find free games on the Web.
2.3.2.4. Winning interests may trump learning interest. To help overcome, state learning objective before using game.
2.4. Simulations
2.4.1. Advantage
2.4.1.1. Safely engages studetns in learning experience
2.4.1.2. Recreates history through engaging students in the situation being studied.
2.4.1.3. Hands on experiences
2.4.1.4. Includes students of all ability levels
2.4.2. Disadvantage
2.4.2.1. May not truly represent the actual event or artistic material.
2.4.2.2. May be too complex or intense for classroom settings.
2.4.2.3. May require too much time to complete
2.5. Discovery
2.5.1. Avantage
2.5.1.1. Extremely engaging for all level of students
2.5.1.2. Can make use of previously learned steps and prodedures
2.5.1.3. Students feel in control of their own learning
2.5.2. Disadvantage
2.5.2.1. Time consuming for design and implication. To overcome, use web-based discovery lessons.
2.5.2.2. Teachers need to be overly prepared for all possible issues
2.5.2.3. Can lead to misunderstandings in content area. To help overcome, make sure to explain concept after lesson.
2.6. Problem-Based Learning
2.6.1. Advantage
2.6.1.1. Engages students in real world experiences
2.6.1.2. As students work towards the solution, knowledge and skills become apparent.
2.6.1.3. Can control the levels of complexity
2.6.2. Disadvantage
2.6.2.1. May be difficult to create quality problems. To help overcome, collaborate with other teachers and use web resources.
2.6.2.2. May require more control by the teacher for younger and less experienced students
2.6.2.3. Can be time consuming to create lessons. To help overcome, use the ASSURE model as a guide to help refine and reuse lessons.