1. External forces
1.1. Pulling
1.1.1. Pulling
1.1.1.1. When you play tug of war, you're pulling a rope.
1.1.1.2. When you pull someones arm, you're applying external force since you're pulling the poor persons arm.
1.2. Push
1.2.1. Pushing
1.2.1.1. When you pass a ball to someone, you have to push.
1.2.1.1.1. When you push a car that's stuck in the snow.
2. Taj Mahal
2.1. The Taj Mahal, is a combination structure. It is a combination structure because its like a house: the solid is bricks nail, etc.The frame structure is walls and roof frames.
2.2. The possible internal forces that the Taj Mahal might experience from these external forces would be...
2.2.1. Compression
2.2.1.1. Tourists standing in the taj mahal would push the structure down with their live load.
2.2.2. Shear
2.2.2.1. If trees around the Taj mahal fell on the Taj Mahal with a strong magnitude, the palace would break in half thus creating shear force.
2.3. The C.O.G would be a little over the middle, the reason its not on the middle is because of the gigantic dome thing on the top of the building.
2.4. The Taj Mahal is a palace which was built by Ustad Ahmad Lahouri for his deceased wife.
3. Center of gravity is where the weight of the object is perfectly and equally balanced from all sides.
3.1. The higher the center of gravity, the less stable to object is. The lower the center of gravity is, the more stable the object.
3.1.1. Examples of structures with different COG
3.2. A structure with a lower center of gravity is more stable than a structure with a higher center of gravity.
3.2.1. For example, if you were to bend down, your center of gravity shifts to the top of your head which makes you want to fall down.
4. The Eiffel tower
4.1. The Eiffel tower would be a frame structure because the support of the frame structure,supports it from falling down.
4.2. The possible internal forces that the Eiffel tower might experience from these external forces would be...
4.2.1. Tension and an earthquake
4.2.1.1. When there is an earthquake, the ground underneath the tower would shift and cause the tower to a) lose balance or b) crumble.
4.2.2. Compression
4.2.2.1. When it snows, the snow adds extra weight to the tower which compresses it down.
4.2.2.2. The tower would be compression because people are pressing the tower down.
4.3. The C.O.G would be a little lower than the center of the tower, since the tower is in the shape of a triangle.
4.4. The Eiffel towers function is mostly, a tourist attraction. It lights up at night which in some ways may provide light if the cities dark, but that mostly just gives Paris its nick name-the city of lights.
4.5. The form of the effiel tower is a pyramid like tower but made out of steel rods.
5. Internal forces
5.1. Tension
5.1.1. Is when you pull apart something
5.1.1.1. Example:
5.1.1.1.1. When you're tying your hair, you're applying tension to the hair tie you're stretching the particles of the hairband apart, thus creating tension.
5.1.1.1.2. A hair tie is meant to tie hair.
5.1.1.2. example:
5.1.1.2.1. When you're playing tug of war, you're applying tension to the rope by pulling the rope from opposite sides and which makes the rope fray, or break.
5.1.1.2.2. Rope is used for many things, but in this case, to be pulled apart by obnoxious kids. (A.K.A every grade 7 class out there.)
5.2. Compression
5.2.1. Is when you press something down
5.2.1.1. Example:
5.2.1.1.1. When a person sits on a chair, it compresses the chair, since its pushing the chair down.
5.2.1.1.2. The function of a chair, is to obviously hold your weight, or whatever live load is on it.
5.2.1.2. Example:
5.2.1.2.1. When birds sit on a electrical tower, they weigh down the structure with their live load.
5.3. Torsion
5.3.1. Is when you twist something
5.3.1.1. Example
5.3.1.1.1. When you try a towel, you're applying torsion as you are twisting and turning the towel.
5.3.1.1.2. The function on a towel is to, obviously, clean.
5.3.1.2. Example
5.3.1.2.1. when you open a door, you have to twist the doorknob, in order to go or come in.
5.4. Shear
5.4.1. Is when you break something in half
5.4.1.1. Example:
5.4.1.1.1. The function of scissors is to cut paper, or cut whatever you're trying to cut. (If you want, you can use scissors as darts,but that's dangerous so don't do it.)
5.4.1.1.2. When you're cutting paper, you're tearing the paper apart, or using shear force.
5.4.1.2. Example
5.4.1.2.1. When you hit a brick in half and it breaks.
6. Loads
6.1. Live load
6.1.1. A live load is a temporary load, or extra weight added to the structure. Caused by the force of gravity, but can vary.
6.1.1.1. Examples are...
6.1.1.1.1. Birds on a tree
6.1.1.1.2. human sitting on a chair
6.2. Dynamic load
6.2.1. Wind, water natural disasters, a push or a pull.
6.2.1.1. A tree would feel a dynamic force such as wind during a storm.
6.2.1.2. A house would feel dynamic forces such as rain during a rain storm.
6.3. dead load
6.3.1. Is something that supports its own weight, the force of gravity acting on the structure itself.
6.3.1.1. Examples are...
6.3.1.1.1. a plane
6.3.1.1.2. a car
7. Structures
7.1. Frame
7.1.1. gives shape or support, is made of parts fastened toghter, things joined together. A frame structure can exist exactly as a frame, or can be covered by a coating.
7.1.1.1. Example: roller coaster
7.1.1.1.1. A frame structure is good for carrying things using minimum materials.
7.1.1.2. Example: Frame of a house
7.1.1.2.1. Frame structures like the effiel tower are also very strong and duebale, but as you can see, there are holes
7.2. Shell
7.2.1. It has a hollow, curved shape. they can be strong and rigid, but they can also be light. Shell structures often use very little materials in construction.
7.2.1.1. Example: A basketball, function to play basketball.
7.2.1.1.1. A shell structure is good for containers, since it holds the things inside while protceting it.
7.2.1.2. example: A helmet, function is to protect the person wearing the helmet.
7.2.1.2.1. Shell structures are also good for clothing, as its the only structure for clothing., (Besides maybe combination) Its also very light compared to the other structures, so we can actually move around in our clothes.
7.3. Solid
7.3.1. It has a large mass and a if built well, it can last a long time. A solid structure weighs more then a hollow structure that is made of the same material and is the same size as the hollow structure.
7.3.1.1. A dam, function is to store water or raise water so that it can reach certain places.
7.3.1.1.1. Solid structures are good for things that need to be durable and strong. A hockey puck is a solid structure, and is very strong and durable, able to withstand hard shots,
7.3.1.2. A wooden telephone line, function is to transfer calls, etc.
7.3.1.2.1. Solid structures are also good for pencils, the solid structure of a pencil helps the pencil stay string and durable.
7.4. Combination
7.4.1. Its all the other structures combined. Most structures are combination structures. A combination structure has a shell structure, a solid structure and a frame structure.
7.4.1.1. A human skeleton
7.4.1.1.1. The human skeleton
7.4.1.2. A stone bridge
7.4.1.2.1. A bridge has a first frame, which would be the steel or wooden frame inside, but then the brick layering around it creates a solid structure.
8. CN tower
8.1. The CN tower is a combination structure because it is hollow inside which is a shell structure. It’s a frame structure because there are many parts and levels to this structure.It is a solid structure because it is fully supported and materials like concrete, glass, were used.
8.2. The CN towers form is a tower, which in short means that its a tall tower. The tower also has a ball on the top which is where tourists go.
8.3. The possible internal forces that the CN tower might experience from these external forces would be...
8.3.1. Compression and rain
8.3.1.1. Because the rain is pressing the tower down
8.3.2. Tension and a tornado
8.3.2.1. Because if there's a tornado, its pulling the tower hence causing the tower to snap or break.
8.4. The COG on the CN tower would be closer to the top since on the top of the tower there's a heavy sphere like thing near the top.
8.5. External force on the CN tower
8.5.1. The CN tower would feel
8.5.1.1. Compression
8.5.1.1.1. People inside of the structure weighing it down
8.5.1.2. Shear
8.5.1.2.1. Maybe the wind pressing against the tower would make it feel shear force> *Subject to change*
8.5.2. The Cn tower is a combination structre, its made of a frame, that holds the structure up, a shell like structure towards the top, aka the place where people look out, and a solid structure/ the walls.