1.1. Causes: heavy smoking, coffee, hormonal imbalances, anatomical issues, exposures to chemicals in the workplace, history of schistosomiasis infection
1.2. Four major types: Oligospermia (low sperm count). asthenospermia (poor mobility), teratospermia (defects of sperm morphology), and azoospermia ( lack of sperm)
2. Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)
2.1. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
2.2. Intra- Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICIS)
3. Female Infertility
3.1. Causes: Pelvic infections, sexually transmitted diseases, postpartum and post abortive complications, unhygienic health care practices.
3.2. Primary infertility: occurs in the absence of prior history of pregnancy
3.3. Secondary infertility: infertility that occurs following a prior pregnancy
