Post Civil War

1. Reconstruction and its Aftermath

1.1. The idea of free African Americans was still a blur

1.2. Emancipated population benefited from the education available for them

1.3. Some still opposed the freedom of African Americans

2. How Jews Became White Folks

2.1. "Real" whites came from north-west Europe

2.2. Anti-immigrant and racist notions restricted Jews to a number of occupations

2.3. An expanded version of whiteness opened the doors to include Jews

3. Jim Crow

3.1. White Supremacy continues through segregation

3.2. Blacks and other non-whites were considered less of a race

3.3. Regulations imposed social interactions between races

4. Spanish War

4.1. United States establishes power amongst the Americas

4.2. U.S. power spread across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

4.3. United States stops European interference with states in the Americas

5. Plessy v. Ferguson

5.1. Black people revoked from basic rights

5.2. Black people were still not equal in the eyes of the law

5.3. Separate but equal act was presented

6. White Negros and Smoked Irish

6.1. Irish immigrants were considered to belong in the same social class as blacks

6.2. Irish were at times called "niggers turned inside out" while blacks were called "smoked Irish"

6.3. Blacks were four times more likely to be imprisoned compared to their white counterparts

7. Race and Voting in the Segregated South

7.1. Southern African American citizens were not allowed to vote despite the 14th and 15th Amendments

7.2. Mississippi made voter restrictions to their constitution make it difficult for blacks to vote

7.3. President Johnson passed the civil rights bill, which enacted the desegregation of pubic places