1. Utopias
1.1. What sparked?
1.1.1. tensions between ideal of individual freedom & demands of communal society
1.1.2. concern of relationship between sexes
1.1.3. feminism
1.2. Actions?
1.2.1. creation of Brook Farm, Oneida Community, the Shakers and New Harmony.
1.3. Initiatives/Motives?
1.3.1. unify humanity & nature
1.3.2. create new form of social organization
1.3.3. redefine gender roles/liberate women
1.4. Successes/Failures?
1.4.1. Brook farm destroyed by a fire
1.4.2. New Harmony FAILED
1.4.3. M. Fuller became strong voice of feminism
1.5. Who?
1.5.1. Rober Owen: New Harmony
1.5.2. John Humphrey Noyes: Oneida
1.5.3. George Ripley: Brook Farm
1.5.4. Mother Ann Lee: Shakers
1.5.5. Margaret Fuller: redefined gender roles
1.5.6. Joseph Smith: Mormons
2. Education
2.1. What sparked?
2.1.1. the need to educate/assimilate Indians
2.1.2. low literacy
2.1.3. growing interest in public education
2.2. Actions?
2.2.1. school year set at 6 months
2.2.2. teacher salaries increase
2.2.3. curriculum enriched
2.3. Initiatives/Motives?
2.3.1. produce system of universal public education
2.3.2. impose social values on children
2.4. Successes/Failures?
2.4.1. states begin to accept "tax-supported elementary schools"
2.4.2. By Civil War, the US had one of the highest literacy rates of any nation.
2.5. Who?
2.5.1. Horace Mann: Secretary of MA board of education
2.5.2. Henry Barnard: produced education system in Connecticut & Rhode Island
2.5.3. Bronson Alcott: school of self-realization
3. Rehabilitation
3.1. What sparked?
3.1.1. emphasis on the potential of an individual
3.2. Actions?
3.2.1. create new institutions such as "asylums"
3.2.2. in 1820, states began to replace old facilities with proper environment for inmates
3.3. Initiatives/Motives?
3.3.1. help the handicapped
3.3.2. help those impaired to discover strength and wisdom
3.4. Successes/Failures?
3.4.1. Perkin's School for the Blind
3.4.2. institutions (penitentiaries, prisons, etc.) begin to wear down due to overcrowding.
3.4.3. "Almshouses" for the poor
3.5. Who?
3.5.1. Dorothea Dix: new methods to treat mental illness
4. Science
4.1. What sparked?
4.1.1. nonscientific theories of improving health were not 100%
4.1.2. Cholera Epidemic (1830-1840): New Orleans & St.Louis
4.2. Actions?
4.2.1. Talented doctors experiment with medical innovations to improve medical techniques that used to be frowned upon by traditional physicians
4.3. Initiatives/Motives?
4.3.1. Discover more knowledge of medicine/disease
4.4. Successes/Failures?
4.4.1. Phrenology is not believed to have NO SCIENTIFIC VALUE
4.4.2. discovered vaccine for Small Pox
4.5. Who?
4.5.1. Orson & Lorenzo Fowler: "Phrenology Almanac"
4.5.2. Edward Jenner: Vaccine
4.5.3. William Morton: Anesthetics
4.5.4. Oliver Wendell Holmes: Contagion
5. Women's Rights/Suffrage
5.1. What sparked?
5.1.1. male-dominated society
5.1.2. traditional restrictions on women
5.1.3. barriers brought upon women by "Separate Spheres"
5.2. Actions?
5.2.1. creation of first American feminist movement
5.2.2. pressed boundaries of "acceptable" female behavior
5.2.3. abolitionist speak out against/ignore attacks by men
5.2.4. 1848 Seneca Falls Convention discussed women's rights
5.3. Initiatives/Motives?
5.3.1. elevate status of women
5.3.2. suffrage
5.3.3. gain equal rights for BOTH SEXES
5.4. Successes/Failures?
5.4.1. creation of "Declaration of Sentiments" that declared men & women =
5.4.2. group of women turned away by men when they arrived at a world antislavery convention in London.
5.4.3. individual women begin to break the social barriers
5.4.3.1. Elizabeth Blackwell: physician
5.4.3.2. Antoinette Blackwell: ordained woman minister of US
5.4.3.3. Lucy Stone: retained maiden name after marriage
5.5. Who?
5.5.1. Sarah & Angelina Grimke: "men & women were created EQUAL."
5.5.2. Catherine Beecher
5.5.3. Harriet Beecher Stowe
5.5.4. Lucretia Mott
5.5.5. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
5.5.6. Dorothea Dix
6. Temperance
6.1. What sparked?
6.1.1. crime
6.1.2. disorder
6.1.3. poverty
6.1.4. family burdens
6.1.5. supply of alcohol growing rapidly
6.2. Actions?
6.2.1. preached abstinence
6.2.2. crowds of advocated drawn by workers gathering and sharing confessions of past sins
6.3. Initiatives/Motives?
6.3.1. ban liquor/beer/wine
6.3.2. get legislation to restrict sale/consumption of alcohol
6.3.3. promote moral self-improvement of individuals
6.3.4. impose discipline on society
6.4. Successes/Failures?
6.4.1. Maine passed law in 1851 to restrict sale/consumption of alcohol
6.4.2. more than 1 million advocates sign pledge to forgo hard liquor
6.5. Who?
6.5.1. *mainly women
6.5.2. American Society for the Promotion of Temperance: preached abstinence
6.5.3. Washington Temperance Society