1. Class Stratification- occurs in industrial societies where social level in defined as a hierarchy of differential achievement by individuals
2. Politics of Education
2.1. Conservative Perspective
2.1.1. A process that enables groups or individuals to survive by adapting to changes in the environment.
2.1.2. In order to survive individuals/groups must compete in the social environment.
2.1.3. Human progress is dependent on individual initavie and drive.
2.2. Liberal Perspective
2.2.1. Believes, if left unregulated, the free market is prone to significant abuses to groups that are economically and politically disadvantaged.
2.2.2. The Capitalist market is prone to cycle of recession that must be addressed through government interventions.
2.2.3. When handling social problems the liberal perspective stresses that groups are affected by the structure of society rather than individuals.
2.3. Radical
2.3.1. Radicals believe that the capitalist system is central to U.S. social problems.
2.3.2. Social problems are structural in nature.
2.4. Neo-Liberal
2.4.1. A synthesis of conservative and liberal perspective.
2.5. Intellectual Purpose
2.5.1. Teaching of basic cognitive skills such as reading, math, and writing.
2.5.2. Helps students with thinking skills such as analysis, evaluation, and critical thinking.
2.6. Political Purpose
2.6.1. The purpose is to inculcate allegiance to the existing political order.
2.7. Social Purpose
2.7.1. The purpose is to help solve social problems.
2.7.2. Socialization is the key to a stable society.
2.8. Economic Purpose
2.8.1. This purpose trains students for later occupations in life.
2.8.2. It prepares student for the division of labor.
2.9. Traditional Vision
2.9.1. The view of schools is centered around hard work, family unity,individual initiative and much more.
2.10. Progressive Vision
2.10.1. The central to solving social problems.
2.10.2. Viewed as a vehicle for upward mobility.
2.10.3. Essential to the development of individual potential.
2.10.4. Viewed as an integral part of a democratic society.
2.11. Educational Problems
2.11.1. Decline of standards
2.11.2. Decline of cultural literacy
2.11.3. Decline of values or of civilization
2.11.4. Decline of authority
2.11.5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWWlpTZuBlk
3. History of U.S. Education
3.1. From 1687-1890 schools used the New England Primer has the primary text book
3.2. Benjamin Franklin wanted a more secular board based education rather than traditional studies.
3.3. Thomas Jefferson wanted to provide free education to all children for the first three years of elementary school through, "Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge" in 1779.
3.4. In 1783 Noah Webster's American spelling book was published.
3.5. In 1821 the first public high school was opened.
3.6. In 1855 the first Kindergarten in the United States was established.
3.7. The Industrial Revolution was at time when the economic search for cheap labor, led to abuse for many children in factories.
3.8. 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson "separate but equal"
3.9. John Dewey was one of the first Americans to influence education. He was know as the father of Progressivism, and empathized that learning occurs through real life experiences.
3.10. In 1964-1965 Head Start was funded for lower income based children.
3.11. In 1975 Individuals with disabilities education act was passed providing special needs such as,IEP's, to children in need.
3.12. In 2002 No Child Left Behind Act was passed to increase accountability in schools.
4. Sociological Perspectives
4.1. Societal level is the structure or function of society. It includes levels of development and political and economic systems.
4.2. Institutional level is all of the major institutions that play a role in socialization. It includes family, school, church, government, and much more.
4.3. Interpersonal level is the process of symbols, gestures, face-to-face conversations, and everyday life interactions .
4.4. Intrapsychic level consist of feelings, thoughts or beliefs a individual may have.
4.5. Theoretical Perspectives
4.5.1. Functional theory: View that society is much like a machine, and on part of the machine articulates with another, producing dynamic energy.
4.5.1.1. Emily Durkheim was one of the earliest sociologist that virtually invented the sociology of education.
4.5.2. Interactional theory: View that addresses why people impose on object, event, or behaviors. Such as, taking things for granted type of behaviors.
4.5.3. Conflict theory: View that students were against teachers and teachers were against administrators. Schools were viewed as social battlefields.
4.6. Knowledge and Attitudes: A individual that receives more education is more likely to read more and take part in political and public affairs.Students with a higher social class are also more likely to have a higher achievement level.
4.7. Employment: Students believe that graduating form college will lead to better employment in the future.
4.8. Teachers should be models for their students and be great instructional learner.A teacher should have a positive attitude toward students no matter how bad their day is going. A teacher behavior can effect the way a student learns.
4.9. Gender: Girls tend to start school socially of boys, but by high school girls have lower self esteem and aspirations than boys.
5. Philosophy of Education
5.1. Philosophy gives meaning to what is being taught.
5.2. Teacher-Centered Philosophies
5.2.1. Essentialism was developed by the theorist William Bagley E.D. Hirsh .
5.2.1.1. Having less in the class to focus, and spending more time on the most important things.
5.2.2. Perennialism is rooted from idealism, focusing on classic materials.
5.3. Student-Centered Philosophies
5.3.1. Progressivism is rooted from pragmatism.
5.3.1.1. It teaches how to think.
5.3.2. Social Reconstructionism focused on making the world a better place.
5.3.2.1. Making an outdoor garden for student to tend to, and then giving the food in the garden away to the needy.
5.3.3. Existentialism emphasizes individualism and personal self fulfillment.
5.3.3.1. An open learning environment to focus on students individual growth.
6. Schools as Organizations
6.1. Private schools are less bureaucratic than public schools, and they are more innovative.
6.2. International Comparisons
6.2.1. Great Britain in the nineteenth century, had all private schools. Wealthy families hired private tutors, and the poor went to charity schools.
6.2.2. In France, the central government controls the educational system right down to the classroom level.
6.2.3. The Former Soviet Union established a purpose to their education. This was to create "new" Soviet men and women to become leaders of the proletarian revolution.
6.2.4. Japan - The Japanese place high value or moral education. The Japanese education produces skilled workers and highly competent managers.
6.2.5. Germany selects and sorts its children at a relatively young age and tracks them into a tripartite system of secondary education.
6.2.6. Finland has some of the highest math, science, and literacy exams administrated by PISA.Finland focuses on equal access to curriculum, the provision of wrap-around services for students, and teacher education.
6.2.7. School Processes and School Cultures- schools are separate social organizations because they have a definite population,defined political structure,and they have a culture that is definitely their own.
6.2.8. Role of a teacher : colleague, friend, nurturer of the learner, facilitator of learning, researcher, program developer, administrator,decision maker, professional leader, and community activist.
6.2.9. A teacher teaches all other professions. A teacher is a life long learner.
7. Educational Inequality
7.1. Conflict theorists that the role of schooling is to reproduce instead of eliminate inequality.
7.2. Interactionist theory suggest that one must understand how people within families or schools interact on a daily basis in order to comprehend the factors explaining academic success of failure.
7.3. School centered explanation of educational inequality
7.3.1. School Financing
7.3.2. School Climate
7.3.3. Pedagogic Practices
7.4. Characteristics of Effective Schools
7.4.1. Close monitoring of student learning
7.4.2. Flexible teachers and staff
7.4.3. Strong leadership by school administration
7.4.4. Respect and care for students and staff
7.4.5. Close monitoring of student learning
8. Equality of Opportunity
8.1. Caste Stratification-occurs in agrarian societies where the social level is a strict criteria of race and religion
8.2. Estate Stratification- occurs in agrarian societies where social level is defined of the hierarchy of family worth
8.3. Class Stratification- occurs in industrial societies where social level is defined as a hierarchy of differential achievements by individuals
8.4. Achievement Gap included the following groups
8.4.1. socioeconomic status
8.4.2. race/ethnicity
8.4.3. gender
8.5. The Coleman Report
8.6. The Coleman Report was based on an extensive survey of educational opportunity
8.7. Most people misinterpreted Coleman work for "schools do not matter, only families matter"
9. Curriculum and Pedagogy
9.1. Humanist curriculum is the purpose of education to present to students the best of what has been thought and written.
9.2. Social efficiency curriculum is a differentiated curriculum,scientific management of the schools and the curriculum, and standardized testing of students for placement.
9.3. Developmentalist curriculum is relating schooling to the life experiences in a way that will make education come alive.
9.4. Social meliorist curriculum should teach students to think and help solve societal problems.
9.5. Scopes Trial
9.6. Politically correct- definitions of what is constructed as acceptable language, curriculum, and ideas.
9.7. Hidden curriculum teaches values, behaviors, and attitudes.
9.8. Hidden Curriculum
9.9. Multicultural Education
10. Educational Reform
10.1. The first wave of educational reform in the United States focused on the need to increase educational excellence by increasing educational standards.
10.1.1. The need for excellence and equity in schools.
10.1.2. The need to develop a common core curriculum.
10.1.3. The need to increase duration and intensity of academic learning.
10.2. The second wave focused on the recommendations made at the State Governor's Conference.
10.2.1. I Teaching leadership and management.
10.2.2. Student readiness for school.
10.2.3. Quality colleges and accountability for learning.