1. Autisim
1.1. "This is a developmental disability. It affects verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction. It means a developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age three, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance."
1.2. Characheristics
1.2.1. 1.) Communication problems
1.2.2. 2.) Difficulty relating to people, things, and events
1.2.3. 3.) Playing with toys and objects in unusual ways
1.2.4. 4.) Difficulty adjusting to changes in routine or to familiar surroundings
1.2.5. 5.) Repetitive body movements or behaviors.
2. Deafness
2.1. "Means a hearing impairment so severe that a child is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance"
2.2. Types of Hearing Losses
2.2.1. "Conductive hearing losses: caused by diseases or obstructions in the outer or middle ear. A person with a conductive hearing loss usually is able to use a hearing aid well or can be helped medically or surgically."
2.2.2. "Sensorineural hearing losses: result from damage to the delicate sensory hair cells of the inner ear or the nerves that supply it."
2.2.3. "Mixed hearing loss: refers to a combination of conductive and sensorineural loss and means that a problem occurs in both the outer or middle and the inner ear."
2.2.4. Central hearing loss: results from damage or impairment to the nerves or nuclei of the central nervous system, either in the pathways to the brain or in the brain itself.
2.3. How sound is measured
2.3.1. 1.) Loudness or intensity (measured in units called decibels, dB)
2.3.2. 2.) Frequency or pitch (measured in units called hertz, Hz).
2.4. Modifications for disability in the classroom
2.5. Assistive technology available: Assistive listening devices (ALD)
2.5.1. FM
2.5.2. Infrared
2.5.3. Induction Loop
2.5.4. 1:1 Communicators
3. Emotional Disturbance
3.1. "A condition exhibiting one or more of the following characteristics over a long period of time and to a marked degree that adversely affects a child’s educational performance:"
3.1.1. (A) "An inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors."
3.1.2. (B) "An inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers."
3.1.3. (C) "Inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances."
3.1.4. (D) "A general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression."
3.1.5. (E) "A tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems.”
3.2. Characteristics
3.2.1. "Hyperactivity (short attention span, impulsiveness)"
3.2.2. "Aggression or self-injurious behavior (acting out, fighting)"
3.2.3. "Withdrawal (not interacting socially with others, excessive fear or anxiety)"
3.2.4. "Immaturity (inappropriate crying, temper tantrums, poor coping skills)"
3.2.5. "Learning difficulties (academically performing below grade level)"
4. Hearing Impairment
4.1. "Means an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance but is not included under the definition of “deafness.”"
4.2. Causes
4.2.1. 1.) Acquired: meaning that the loss occurred after birth, due to illness or injury
4.2.1.1. Acquired Causes:
4.2.1.1.1. build up of fluid behind the eardrum
4.2.1.1.2. ear infections (known as otitis media)
4.2.1.1.3. childhood diseases, such as mumps, measles, or chicken pox
4.2.1.1.4. head trauma
4.2.2. 2.) Congenital: meaning that the hearing loss or deafness was present at birth.
4.2.2.1. Congenital Causes:
4.2.2.1.1. a family history of hearing loss or deafness
4.2.2.1.2. infections during pregnancy (such as rubella)
4.2.2.1.3. complications during pregnancy (such as the Rh factor, maternal diabetes, or toxicity)
5. Intellectual Disability
5.1. "Intellectual disability is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Means significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently [at the same time] with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance"
5.2. Causes
5.2.1. Genetic conditions
5.2.2. Problems during pregnancy
5.2.3. Problems at birth
5.2.4. Health problems
5.3. Signs of intellectual disabilities
5.3.1. sit up, crawl, or walk later than other children
5.3.2. learn to talk later, or have trouble speaking
5.3.3. find it hard to remember things
5.3.4. not understand how to pay for things
5.3.5. have trouble understanding social rules
5.3.6. have trouble seeing the consequences of their actions
5.3.7. have trouble solving problems
5.3.8. have trouble thinking logically
5.4. Modifications for disability in the classroom
5.4.1. Quiet workspaces
5.4.2. Functional day-to-day activities
5.4.3. Repetitions of concepts throughout the day
5.4.4. Teacher- student ratio: smaller groups of students
5.4.5. Hands on learning
5.4.6. Specific Schedules
5.5. Assistive technology available
5.5.1. Ipads and other tablets
5.5.2. Interactive and Talkative eBooks
5.5.3. Computers
6. Other Health Impairment
6.1. It "means having limited strength, vitality, or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment"
6.1.1. It is due to chronic or acute health problems such as:
6.1.1.1. ADD and AH/HD
6.1.1.2. Diabetes
6.1.1.3. Epilepsy
6.1.1.4. Heart conditions
6.1.1.5. Hemophilia
6.1.1.6. Lead poisoning
6.1.1.7. Leukemia
6.1.1.8. Nephritis
6.1.1.9. Rheumatic fever
6.1.1.10. Sickle cell anemia
6.1.1.11. Tourette syndrome
6.2. Adversely affects a child’s educational performance
7. Speech or Language Impairment
7.1. "Means a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment, or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.”
7.2. Four major areas in which these impairments occur
7.2.1. 1.) "Articulation: speech impairments where the child produces sounds incorrectly (e.g., lisp, difficulty articulating certain sounds, such as “l” or “r”)"
7.2.2. 2.) "Fluency: speech impairments where a child’s flow of speech is disrupted by sounds, syllables, and words that are repeated, prolonged, or avoided and where there may be silent blocks or inappropriate inhalation, exhalation, or phonation patterns"
7.2.3. 3.) "Voice: speech impairments where the child’s voice has an abnormal quality to its pitch, resonance, or loudness"
7.2.4. 4.) "Language: language impairments where the child has problems expressing needs, ideas, or information, and/or in understanding what others say."
7.3. Characteristics
7.3.1. improper use of words and their meanings
7.3.2. inability to express ideas
7.3.3. inappropriate grammatical patterns
7.3.4. reduced vocabulary
7.3.5. inability to follow directions
8. Work Cited:
8.1. U. (n.d.). Categories of Disability Under IDEA | Center for Parent Information and Resources. Retrieved April 9, 2016, from http://www.parentcenterhub.org/repository/categories/
8.2. T. (n.d.). Orthopedic Impairments - Project IDEAL. Retrieved April 9, 2016, from http://www.projectidealonline.org/v/orthopedic-impairments/
9. Deaf-Blindness
9.1. This is a person who has some degree of loss in both vision and hearing. This particular combination of losses limits access to auditory and visual information. It "means concomitant [simultaneous] hearing and visual impairments, the combination of which causes such severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in special education programs solely for children with deafness or children with blindness."
9.2. Causes
9.2.1. 1.) Age related
9.2.2. 2.) Genetic conditions, such as Usher syndrome
9.2.3. 3.) Cerebral palsy
9.2.4. 4.) eye problems associated with increasing age, such as cataracts
10. Developmental Delay
10.1. This is when a child does not reach its developmental milestones at the expected time. "It means a delay in one or more of the following areas: physical development; cognitive development; communication; social or emotional development; or adaptive [behavioral] development."
10.2. There are 5 developmental areas
10.2.1. 1.) Physical development (fine motor skills, gross motor skills)
10.2.2. 2.) Cognitive development (intellectual abilities)
10.2.3. 3.) Communication development (speech and language)
10.2.4. 4.) Social or emotional development (social skills, emotional control)
10.2.5. 5.) Adaptive development (self-care skills)
11. Multiple Disabilities
11.1. "Concomitant [simultaneous] impairments (such as intellectual disability-blindness, intellectual disability-orthopedic impairment, etc.), the combination of which causes such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in a special education program solely for one of the impairments."
11.2. Causes
11.2.1. Chromosomal abnormalities
11.2.2. Premature birth
11.2.3. Difficulties after birth
11.2.4. Poor development of the brain or spinal cord
11.2.5. Infections
11.2.6. Genetic disorders
11.2.7. Injuries from accidents
12. Orthopedic Impairment
12.1. "Means a severe orthopedic impairment that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by a congenital anomaly, impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis), and impairments from other causes (e.g.,cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause contractures)"
12.2. Educational Challanges
12.2.1. Non-accessible transportation
12.2.2. Trouble maneuvering around the classroom
12.2.3. Difficulty navigating school hallways
12.2.4. Earning mandated physical education credit
12.2.5. Communicating effectively
12.3. 3 Main areas of disorders
12.3.1. 1.) Neuromotor impairments: "an abnormality of, or damage to, the brain, spinal cord, or nervous system that sends impulses to the muscles of the body. These impairments are acquired at or before birth, and often result in complex motor problems that can affect several body systems"
12.3.1.1. Most common types
12.3.1.1.1. Cerebral Palsy
12.3.1.1.2. Spina Bifida
12.3.2. 2.) Degenerative diseases: "composed of various diseases that affect motor development"
12.3.2.1. Most common type
12.3.2.1.1. Muscular dystrophy
12.3.3. 3.) Musculoskeletal disorders: "composed of various conditions that can result in various levels of physical limitations"
12.3.3.1. Most common types
12.3.3.1.1. Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
12.3.3.1.2. limb deficiency
13. Specific Learning Disability
13.1. "Means a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such as perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia."
13.2. Skills most often affected
13.2.1. reading, writing, listening, speaking, reasoning, and doing math
13.3. Names of Certain learning disabilities
13.3.1. "Dyslexia—which refers to difficulties in reading"
13.3.2. "Dysgraphia—which refers to difficulties in writing"
13.3.3. "Dyscalcula—which refers to difficulties in math."
14. Traumatic Brain Injury
14.1. "Means an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force, resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment, or both, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term applies to open or closed head injuries resulting in impairments in one or more areas, such as cognition; language; memory; attention; reasoning; abstract thinking; judgment; problem-solving; sensory, perceptual, and motor abilities; psychosocial behavior; physical functions; information processing; and speech."
14.2. Signs of Traumatic Brain Injury
14.2.1. Physical disabilities
14.2.2. Difficulties with thinking
14.2.3. Social, behavioral, or emotional problems
14.3. Head injuries that can cause changes in one or more of these areas
14.3.1. thinking and reasoning
14.3.2. understanding words
14.3.3. remembering things
14.3.4. paying attention
14.3.5. solving problems
14.3.6. thinking abstractly
14.3.7. talking
14.3.8. behaving
14.3.9. walking and other physical activities
14.3.10. seeing and/or hearing
14.3.11. learning
15. Visual Impairment Including Blindness
15.1. "Means an impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness"
15.2. Signs of a Visual Impairment
15.2.1. "Eyes that don’t move together when following an object or a face"
15.2.2. "Crossed eyes, eyes that turn out or in, eyes that flutter from side to side or up and down, or eyes that do not seem to focus"
15.2.3. "Eyes that bulge, dance, or bounce in rapid rhythmic movements"
15.2.4. "Repeated shutting or covering of one eye"
15.2.5. "Unusual degree of clumsiness, such as frequent bumping into things or knocking things over"
15.2.6. "Frequent squinting, blinking, eye-rubbing, or face crunching, especially when there’s no bright light present"
15.2.7. "Sitting too close to the TV or holding toys and books too close to the face"
15.2.8. "Avoiding tasks and activities that require good vision"