1. Types of Cognitive Tools
1.1. Concept Map
1.1.1. Mind Meister
1.1.2. Inspiration
1.2. Web Development
1.2.1. Front Page
1.2.2. Dreamweaver
1.2.3. Flash
1.3. Presentation
1.3.1. Powerpoint
1.4. Spread Sheet
1.4.1. Excel
1.5. Database
1.5.1. Access
1.6. Interactive Learning Tools
1.6.1. Kalzium(Chemistry)
1.6.2. Visual Basic 2008 Express (Computer Studies)
2. Technology on Learning
2.1. Learning From Technology
2.1.1. Instructivist Models
2.1.2. Teacher Centered
2.1.3. R. M. Gange's "Nine Events of Instruction"
2.1.3.1. 1. Gain attention 2. Inform learner of objectives 3. Stimulate recall of prior learning 4. Present stimulus material 5. Provide learner guidance 6. Elicit performance 7. Provide feedback 8. Assess performance 9. Enhance retention transfer
2.1.4. Use of Computer Resources
2.1.5. Use of Intelligent Tutorials Systems
2.1.6. Use of Reusable Learning Objects
2.2. Learning with Technology
2.2.1. Constructivist Models
2.2.2. Use of Interactive Learning Objects
2.2.3. Use of Cognitive Tools
2.2.4. Inquiries and Problems Solving Approach
2.2.5. Student Centered Learning Environments
2.2.6. Use of On-line Collaboration Technology to build up knowledge
2.2.7. Use of WebQuest and ActiveLesson Approaches
3. Instructional Design of Learning Theories
3.1. Cognitive load theory
3.1.1. the format of instructional materials has a direct effect on the performance of the learners using those materials.
3.2. Instructional Design models
3.2.1. ADDIE process(The Most Common One)
3.2.1.1. Analyze Phase
3.2.1.1.1. analyze learner characteristics, task to be learned, etc.
3.2.1.2. Design Phase
3.2.1.2.1. develop learning objectives, choose an instructional approach
3.2.1.3. Develop Phase
3.2.1.3.1. create instructional or training materials
3.2.1.4. Implement Phase
3.2.1.4.1. create instructional or training materials
3.2.1.5. Evaluate Phase
3.2.1.5.1. make sure the materials achieved the desired goals
3.2.2. Rapid prototyping
3.2.2.1. An adaptation to the ADDIE model
3.2.2.2. through an iterative process the verification of the design documents saves time and money by catching problems while they are still easy to fix.
3.2.3. The Dick and Carey Systems Approach Model
3.2.3.1. The model addresses instruction as an entire system, focusing on the interrelationship between context, content, learning and instruction.
3.2.3.2. "Components such as the instructor, learners, materials, instructional activities, delivery system, and learning and performance environments interact with each other and work together to bring about the desired student learning outcomes"
4. What is Learning Theories ?
4.1. Tell how learning occurs
4.2. Help to know how learning proceed
4.3. Base on philosophy-nature of knowledge or epistemology
4.4. Across a continuum of behaviorism, cognitism & constructivism
4.5. transform to teaching & learning models, approaches, strategies, etc.
4.6. Relate to philosophy of objectivism & idealism
5. 3 Major Learning Theories
5.1. Behavorism
5.1.1. Characteristics
5.1.1.1. Stimulus & Response Theory
5.1.1.2. Learning is a connection between stimulus & reponse
5.1.1.3. Focus on cause observation & effect relationship
5.1.1.4. Students learn from stimuli & responses
5.1.1.5. Teachers gives students stimuli & feedbacks
5.1.1.6. No transfer of learning to other areas
5.1.1.7. Drill & practice approach
5.1.2. Behaviorists
5.1.2.1. E. L. Thorndike
5.1.2.1.1. Proposed Stimulus-Response theory
5.1.2.1.2. Connections of stimuli & responses form learning
5.1.2.1.3. "Law of Effect" Positive rewards strengthen the connection between stimuli & responses
5.1.2.2. B.F. Skinner
5.1.2.2.1. Emphasized reward (reinforcement)
5.1.2.2.2. Extended to Stimulus--> Reponse--> Reinforcement Theory
5.1.2.2.3. "Skinner Box" experiment Inside a box, if a lever was pressed. then food came out. Through several trials, a rat learned to press the level to get food.
5.1.2.2.4. Introduced Positive reinforcement, Negative reinforcement & Non-reinforcement
5.1.2.3. R.M. Gagne (Neo-behaviorist)
5.1.2.3.1. Considered cognitive processes of learning
5.1.2.3.2. Ordered sequeence of learning capablilities-"learning hierarchy"
5.1.3. Criticisms
5.1.3.1. Not all learning is behavioristic
5.1.3.2. Mind thinkings & processes are not important
5.1.3.3. Cannot explain mind learning activities
5.2. Cognitivism
5.2.1. Characteristics
5.2.1.1. Knowledges construct metally in mind as an information processor
5.2.1.2. It is a mind representation and metal models
5.2.1.3. Mental processes of how to think, perceive, remember and learn knowledges
5.2.1.4. Use cognitive strategies to transfer knowledges
5.2.1.5. There are short-term, long-term and working memory in human brain
5.2.1.6. Students remember ways of thinking (rules, patterns & strategies)
5.2.1.7. Thinking is mind manipulation & representations
5.2.2. Cognitive Psychologist
5.2.2.1. J.S. Burner
5.2.2.1.1. Learners understand fundamental knowledge structures
5.2.2.1.2. Learners generalize knowledges and apply to similar situations
5.2.2.1.3. Transfer of knoledge is possible
5.2.2.1.4. Knowledges placed into structural frameworks is retented better
5.2.2.1.5. 3 modes of knowledge presentation: Enactive, Iconic & Symbolic
5.2.2.2. L.S. Vygotsky
5.2.2.2.1. Emphasized the importance of socio-cultural factors in education
5.2.2.2.2. concerned the inter-relationship of language development and thought
5.2.2.2.3. Development takes place if social enviroment changes
5.2.2.2.4. Cooperative arranagements fosters learning
5.2.2.2.5. Teaching is structured to students' self-learning
5.2.2.3. J. Piaget
5.2.2.3.1. Piaget's theory of cognitive development
5.2.3. Implications
5.2.3.1. Discovery learning
5.2.3.1.1. Can discover relations between knowledges
5.2.3.1.2. Mind thinking reorganization to fit new encounters
5.2.3.1.3. Learning process is more important then the product
5.2.3.2. Spiral curriculum
5.2.3.2.1. Knowledge is presented in 3 modes of knowledge presentation
5.2.3.2.2. Same idea is reviewed at higher level
5.3. Constuctivism
5.3.1. Characteristics
5.3.1.1. All knowledge is actively constructed by learners
5.3.1.2. Knowledge is not passively received
5.3.1.3. Learning involves personal discoveries
5.3.1.4. An adaptive process to learn: Collect ideas--> Use ideas--> Construct own knowledge
5.3.1.5. Contruct knoweldge through assimilation & accommodation
5.3.1.6. Use existing knowledge to build new knowledge
5.3.1.7. Cognitive constructivism--> social constructivism
5.3.2. Constructivists
5.3.2.1. L.S. Vygotsky
5.3.2.1.1. knowledge direct to further cognitive development.
5.3.2.1.2. Culture is the main determinant of cognitive development
5.3.2.1.3. Stress on actual mechanism of development
5.3.2.1.4. Knowledge is internalized by social activities (eg. mediation)
5.3.2.2. J. Piaget
5.3.2.2.1. Introduce the constructivist theory of knowing
5.3.2.2.2. Interact with envoironment, knowledge is established and mentally constructed
5.3.2.2.3. interested in epistemology
5.3.2.2.4. Piaget's cognitive-developmental theories
5.3.3. Implications
5.3.3.1. Reject traditional teacher dominant teaching methods
5.3.3.2. Social interaction between teachers & students
5.3.3.3. Constructivist teachers give directions to guide students to discuss
5.3.3.4. By classroom discussion, students gain the skills of knowledge construction
5.3.3.5. Create a classroom environment for students to construct knowledges under individual social basis
5.3.3.6. develop students' creative thinking