1. Dehydration
1.1. Is excessive loss of body fluid
1.2. Signs and Symptoms
1.2.1. Noticeable after loss of 2% of normal water volume
1.2.2. Thirst and discomfort, loss of appetite and dry skin
1.2.3. Tachycardia, fever and rapid onset fatigue
1.2.4. Headaches, muscle cramps, hypotension and dizziness or fainting
1.3. Moderate To severe
1.3.1. may be no urine output at all
1.3.2. lethargy
1.3.3. extreme sleepiness
1.3.4. seizures
1.3.5. sunken fontanel and sunken eyes in infants
1.4. Severe
1.4.1. Delirium
1.4.2. unconsciousness
1.4.3. swelling of tongue
1.4.4. death
1.5. Causes
1.5.1. diarrhea
1.5.2. low fluid intake&fasting
1.5.3. severe hyperglycemia
1.5.4. diabetes insipidus
1.5.5. hypovolemia
1.5.5.1. e.g. shock, blood loss
2. Constipation
2.1. Bowel movement infrequent and hard to pass.
2.2. Causes painful defecation
2.3. Types
2.3.1. Obstructed defecation
2.3.2. Colonic slow transit (hypomotility)
2.3.2.1. Due to Diet
2.3.2.2. Side effect of medication
2.3.2.3. Low physical activity ---> Hypomotility
2.3.2.4. HYPOthyroidism ---> Hypomotility
2.3.2.5. heavy metal toxicity ---> Hypomotility
2.4. Treatment
2.4.1. Changes in dietary habits
2.4.2. May require determining the cause
3. Abdominal distention
3.1. sensation of uncomfortably full with presence of abdominal rumbling sounds
4. Weight loss
4.1. Either Pathologically or intentional
4.2. Pathologically
4.2.1. Cuases
4.2.1.1. Cancer
4.2.1.2. Aids
4.2.1.3. Gastrointestinal disorders
4.2.1.3.1. e.g. peptic ulcer and pancreatitis
4.2.1.4. infection
4.2.1.5. Renal disease
4.2.1.5.1. e.g. absent appetite, vomiting and nausea
4.2.1.6. cardiac disease
4.2.1.7. pulmonary disease
4.2.1.7.1. TB
5. Diarrhea
5.1. Is 3 or more loose stools per day/ having more stools than normal
5.2. Causes
5.2.1. Infections
5.2.1.1. Result from Viruses, bacteria and parasites.
5.2.1.2. Elderly treated with antibiotics for unrelated infection
5.2.1.2.1. Clostridium difficile produce toxin causes sever diarrhea
5.2.2. Malabsorption
5.2.2.1. inability to absorb food in small bowel
5.2.2.2. disease of the pancrease
5.2.2.3. Enzyme deficiencies or mucosal abnormality.
5.2.2.4. Short bowel Syndrome
5.2.2.5. Certain Drugs
5.2.3. Inflammatory bowel disease
5.2.3.1. Ulcerative colitis
5.2.3.2. Crohn's disease
5.2.4. Irritable bowel syndrome
5.2.4.1. Abdominal discomfort
6. Cachexia (wasting syndrome)
6.1. Loss of body mass that can't be reversed nutritionally
6.2. Characterized by:
6.2.1. loss of weight
6.2.2. muscle atrophy
6.2.3. fatigue
6.2.4. weakness
6.2.5. significant loss of appetite in someone not trying to lose weight
6.3. Causes:
6.3.1. Cancer
6.3.2. certain infectious disease
6.3.3. aids and addiction to drug
6.3.4. metabolic acidosis
6.3.5. some autoimmune disorders
6.3.6. chronic obstructive lung disease
6.3.7. congestive heart failure
7. Anorexia, polyphagia, dysphagia, adynophagia:
7.1. Anorexia
7.1.1. symptom of poor appetite
7.2. polyphagia
7.2.1. increased appetite
7.3. dysphagia
7.3.1. difficult swallowing
7.4. adynophagia
7.4.1. pain on swallowing