COMMON ANCESTOR
by Gurnir Shergill
1. Eukaryotes
2. Prokaryote:
3. Eubacteria
3.1. Prokaryotic
3.2. Unicellular
3.3. Reproduce asexually by binary fission
3.4. Peptidoglycan in Membrane
3.5. Autotrophic or Heterotrophic (Both)
3.6. Some Motile
4. Coccus
5. Bacillus
6. Spirillum
7. Species: Hay Bacillus
8. Species: Spirillum Winogradskyl
9. Species: Diplococci
10. Fungi
10.1. Eukaryotic
10.2. Mostly Multicellular
10.3. Reproduce asexually or sexually
10.4. Heterotrophic
10.5. Most Motile
11. Protists
11.1. Eukaryotic
11.2. Most unicellular
11.3. Reproduce asexually and sexually
11.4. Autotrophic or Heterotrophic (Both)
11.5. Motile or Nonmotile
11.6. Anything that does not belong to the plants, bacteria, fungi or animal
12. Algae
12.1. Plant-like protists
12.2. Classified by colour
12.3. Cell walls make cellulose
13. Protorea
13.1. Animal-like protists
13.2. Heterotrophic
13.3. Feed by ingesting food classified by how they move
14. Fungi-like
14.1. Heterotrophic
14.2. Cell walls made of cellulose
15. Water Moulds
15.1. Feed by secreting enzymes
15.2. Irish Potato Famine
16. Slime Moulds
16.1. Single cells join to form a moving blob
17. Species: Oomycete
18. Species: Mycetozoa
19. Green Algae
19.1. 'Pond Scum'
19.2. In fur of tree slots
20. Brown Algae
20.1. Underwater forests of kelp
21. Diatoms
21.1. Silica in cell walls
21.2. Used for tooth-paste
22. Dinoflaggelles
22.1. Red Tide
22.2. Releases poison that kills fish
23. Sarcodines
23.1. Amoeba
23.2. Amoeboid movement
23.3. Parasitic ones cause amoeba dysentry
24. Flagellates
24.1. Whip-like tail
24.2. Rotary movement
25. Sporozoans
25.1. Produce Spores
25.2. Parasite causes maralia
25.3. Move by cilia, flagella, pseudopods or some have no movement
26. Cilliates
26.1. Cillia
26.2. Tiny wave like hairs
27. Zygomycota
27.1. Reproduce asexually or sexually, in a process called conjugation
27.2. Fusion of hyphae leads directly to formation of zygote, which meiosis occurs before germinates
28. Basidiomycota
28.1. Takes place in the fruiting body, in basidia
28.2. Sexually by producing asexual spores or by fragmentation of mycelium
29. Imperfect Fungi
29.1. Do not possess the sexual structures that are used to classify other fungi
29.2. Strictly asexual
30. Mushrooms
31. Yeasts
32. Bread Molds
33. Penicillin
34. Has peptidoglycan in membrane
35. No specialized tissue
36. Archaebacteria
36.1. Prokaryotic
36.2. Unicellular
36.3. Reproduce asexually by binary fission or through conjugation or fragmentation
36.4. Autotrophic or Heterotrophic (Both)
36.5. Ability to live in harsh climates
36.6. Nonmotile
37. Animals
37.1. Eukaryotic
37.2. Multicellular
37.3. Reproduce sexually
37.4. Heterotrophic
37.5. Motile
37.6. Over 1 million species
38. Plants
38.1. Multicellular
38.2. Reproduce asexually and sexually
38.3. Autotrophic
38.4. Nonmotile
39. Halophiles
40. Methanogens
41. Extreme Thermophiles
42. Methanosarcina Barkeri
43. Thermus Aquaticus
44. Dunaliella Salina
45. Ascomycota
45.1. Reproduce asexually through budding
45.2. 'Spore shooters'
45.3. Ascospores are formed inside a sac called an ancus
46. Bryophytes
46.1. Waxy cuticle helped to protect the plants tissue from drying out
46.2. Gametangia provided further protection against drying out for gametes
47. Seedless Vascular
47.1. Require water for sperm motility
47.2. Found in moist areas
48. Gymnosperms
48.1. Seeds (2n)
48.2. Cells undergo meiosis in order to produce gametes
48.3. Vascularized tissues and upright growth forms to survive in habitats
48.4. First plants to colonize land
49. Angiosperms
49.1. Majority of time spent as sporophyte
49.2. Largely dominate ecosystems
50. Potato
51. Conifers
52. Ferns
53. Java Moss
54. Phylum Poriferans
55. Phylum Cnidarians
56. Phylum Platyhelminthes
57. Phylum Nematodes
58. Phylum Annelids
59. Phylum Mollusks
60. Phylum Echinoderms
61. Phylum Arthropods
62. Phylum Chordates
63. Sponge
63.1. Filtering bacteria and other contaminants from water
63.2. Contain Specialized cells
63.3. Play a part in the coral reef life cycle
64. Jellyfish
64.1. Maintain balance in the ecosystem of the ocean
64.2. 2 Germ Layers
65. Arthropods
66. Class: Hexapods
66.1. Insects
67. Class: Chilopoda
67.1. Centipede
68. Class: Crustaceans
68.1. Crabs
69. Arachnida
69.1. Spiders
70. Merostoma
70.1. Horseshoe Crabs
71. Vertebrates
72. Class Agnatha
72.1. Jawless fishes
72.2. Aquatic animals
72.3. Fins to help them swim
72.4. Fish that arose later, had jaws which help them
73. Class Chondrichthyes
73.1. Cartilaginous fishes
73.2. Endoskeleton provides support in and space for muscle movements
73.3. They're moved about
73.4. Aquatic animals
73.5. Fins to help them swim
74. Class Osteichthyes
74.1. Bony fishes
74.2. Some have lob fins, which they could use as primitive legs
74.3. Aquatic animals
74.4. Fins to help them swim
75. Class Amphibia
75.1. Frogs
75.2. Live both on land and water
75.3. Evolved from fish (modified fins)
75.4. The back of their legs are stronger, which helps them move on land
76. Class Reptilia
76.1. Lizards
76.2. Use the environment to actively regulate their body temperature
76.3. Are only active certain times through the day
77. Class Aves
77.1. Birds
77.2. Have light bodies in order for them to fly easier
77.3. Skin, Lungs and kidneys of birds reduce water loss
77.4. Terrestrial Animals
78. Class Mammalia
78.1. Humans
78.2. Adaptation known as endothermy
78.3. Mammals begin to diversify and became dominant species on terrestrial land
79. Mammals
80. Monotremes
80.1. Females lay eggs instead of giving live birth
80.2. Embryo begins its development before the egg is laid
81. Marsupials
81.1. Reproductive tract is doubled
81.2. 2 uteri and 2 vaginas
81.3. Pouch in which to carry their young
82. Placental
82.1. Mother's uterus through a specialized embryonic organ attached to the uterus wall (the placenta)
82.2. Placenta of marsupials is very short-lived and don't make as much of a contribution as placental mammals do
83. Artiodactyla
83.1. Odd number of toes
83.2. Sheep
84. Primate
84.1. Opposable thumbs
84.2. Large brains
84.3. Social Groups
84.4. Apes
85. Rodentia
85.1. Gnawing mammals
85.2. Rodents
85.3. Rats
86. Earthworms
86.1. Body separated into segments
86.2. Simple brain and nerve cord
86.3. Form soil
87. Amphibians
87.1. Were dominant land animals on earth
87.2. Newborns hatchlings live underwater and breathe via gills, however they disappear later on and have the ability to live on land
88. Insects
88.1. Most diverse group of living
88.2. First animals to evolve flight 400 million years ago
88.3. Tough exoskeleton
89. Shellfish
89.1. Soft bodies
89.2. Invertebrate
89.3. Have shelfs in order to protect delicate bodies
90. Starfish
90.1. Spiny skeleton
90.2. Release sperm and eggs into the water
90.3. Evolved quickly
90.4. Water vascular system
91. Roundworms
91.1. Evolved from the earlier flatworms
91.2. They use to live in the ocean
91.3. 3 germ layers
92. Flatworms
92.1. Soft bodies which do not preserve well as fossils
92.2. Body shaped roughly like a bag
92.3. Gastrovascular cavity with pharynx
93. Lacks peptidoglycan in membrane
94. Autophos
95. Most complex species
