Refractive Error - The eye cannot clearly focus the images from the outside world.

1. Impact on Society

1.1. Decreases visual function so decreases quality of life. Negative impact on self-esteem, career choice, and ocular health

2. Scientific Relevance

2.1. Optics & Biology Involvement

3. Impact on Environment

3.1. The exact nature and interplay of genetic and environmental factors is not known and data suggest that environmental factors may interact with genetic factors to increase the risks of developing myopia

4. Types

4.1. Myopia

4.2. Hyperopia

4.3. Astigmatism

4.4. Presbyopia

5. Sign & Symptom - Eye pain and Headache

6. Causes

6.1. The cause could be the length of the eyeball (longer or shorter), changes in the shape of the cornea, or aging of the lens.

7. Risk Factors

7.1. Hereditary factors & Near work activities

8. Management

8.1. Refractive errors can be corrected with eyeglasses, contact lenses, or surgery.

9. Prevention - 1) Reduce screen time 2) Eye exercises

10. Impact on Technology

10.1. We get sucked into online activities that keep us up too late and the constant stream of information can make it difficult to turn off our brains. Also, the ambient glow from screens can affect the release of melatonin, the sleep chemical.