1. Philosophy of Education
1.1. Generic Nations
1.1.1. Students learn skills through experimentation and traditional methods. This helps them understand a democratic society
1.2. Key Researchers
1.2.1. George Sanders Pierce (1839-1914), William James (1842-1910), John Dewey (1859-1952)
1.3. Goal of Education
1.3.1. To prepare children for society. Growth!
1.4. Role of the Teacher
1.4.1. A teacher is a facilitator. The teacher should encourage , offer suggestions, and answer and questions.
1.5. Methos of Instruction
1.5.1. Problem solving method- working in groups, asking questions about what they are wanting to learn.
1.6. Curriculum
1.6.1. Should adjust to the students interest.
2. Schools as Organizations
2.1. Stakeholders for District 4
2.1.1. Senator
2.1.1.1. Richard Shelby
2.1.2. House of Representives
2.1.2.1. Mo Brooks
2.1.3. State Superintendent
2.1.3.1. Michael Sentance
2.1.4. State School Board Representative
2.1.4.1. Robert Bentley
2.1.5. Local Superintendent
2.1.5.1. Jonathan Hatton
2.1.6. Local School Board
2.1.6.1. Lauderdale County Board of Education.
2.2. Elements of Change
2.2.1. Conflict
2.2.1.1. Conflict is necessary in order for changes. The school staff must be able to manage and resolve conflict.
2.2.2. New behaviors
2.2.2.1. New behaviors is related to change. School staff must build communication and trust.
2.2.3. Team Building
2.2.3.1. The relationship between school staff must be focused on.
2.2.4. Process and Content
2.2.4.1. The process used is just as important as the content taught.
3. Curriculum and Pedagogy
3.1. Historical Curriculum Theory
3.1.1. 1.Humanist Curriculum
3.1.1.1. States the purpose of education is to present students the best of what has been written. It reflects the Idealist philosophy. It states that all secondary students should study English, foreign language, mathematics, history and science, even if they were not furthering their education.
3.2. Teaching Tradition
3.2.1. 1.Transformative
3.2.1.1. A transformation that occurs through personality and traits of character. They use questioning to obtain this transformation.
3.2.2. 2. Mimetic
3.2.2.1. Knowledge that is presented to a learner, rather than the learner discovering the information by him or herself. the knowledge is passed from one person to the next.
4. Equality of Opportunity
4.1. Response to the Coleman Study
4.1.1. 1.Researchers compared his findings to find the yearly average achievement gain by public and private school students. The studies found that private schools meet the needs better for the low-income students than public schools.
4.1.2. 2.Borman and Dowling studied Coleman's result's and found that where a student attend schools is often race or socioeconomic background related and this affects the students achievements. They disagreed with Coleman's findings that says school does not matter.
4.2. Educational Outcomes
4.2.1. 1.Class
4.2.1.1. A students social class impacts their educational experience. Children from working class families are more likely to underachieve, while middle and upper class continue to be successful throughout their education.
4.2.2. 2.Race
4.2.2.1. The U.S. is still divided by race. Minorities do not receive the same educational opportunities as whites.
4.2.3. 3.Gender
4.2.3.1. Females now achieve a higher level of reading and writing proficiency then males. Females are less likely to drop out of school. Males achieve a higher proficiency in math, normally because teacher assume females will not do as well. Society still discriminates between females and males occasionally.
5. Educational Reform
5.1. School Based Reform
5.1.1. 1. Teacher quality- the requirement that all schools have highly qualified teachers.The study by no child left behind showed that many classrooms were taught by under qualified teachers.
5.1.2. 2. Privatization- "for profit" companies took over the management of failing schools
5.2. Education Reform
5.2.1. Full Service and Community Schools- These schools focused on meeting the educational, physical, psychological, and social needs of each family through the school and community services.
5.2.2. School Finance Reforms- The court ordered that funding be distributed equally between urban and suburban school districts.
6. Politics of Education
6.1. Perspective
6.1.1. 1. Political
6.1.2. 2. Conservative
6.1.2.1. The Role od School- The conservatives believe that the school provides hard working individuals with the tools necessary to maximize social growth.
6.1.3. 3. Liberal
6.1.4. 4. Radical
6.2. Purpose
6.2.1. 1. Intellectual
6.2.1.1. Teaches basic cognitive skills.
6.2.2. 2. Political
6.2.2.1. To teach the laws of today society and implant patriotism.
6.2.3. 3. Social
6.2.3.1. Helps solve social problems.
6.2.4. 4. Economic
6.2.4.1. To prepare students for career role s and responsibilities.
7. History of U.S. Education
7.1. Reform Movement
7.1.1. Progressive movement- This movement has a huge impact on education. Dewey advocated for the children to have a curriculum that interested them while introducing the child to new information.
7.2. Historical Interpretation
7.2.1. Historical pursuit of social and political objectives, which resulted in harm to traditional academic goals for schooling.
8. Sociological Perspectives
8.1. Five effects of schooling on Individuals
8.1.1. 1.Teachers Behaviors- Teachers are a role models for their students. The labels that teachers apply to students can affect their performance.
8.1.2. 2.Employment- Most students believe that graduating from college give them a advantage of students who do not, because employers factor this in when considering a person for a job.
8.1.3. 3.Student Peer Group and Alienation- During high school no-one wants to be labeled a nerd. Who a person selects to hang with effects their schooling. Student violence.
8.1.4. 4.Gender- Girls start school ahead of boys, but by the end the boys are in the lead because the girls have such low self stems. There is often a difference made in gender. A male makes more more for the same job.
8.1.5. 5. Inadequate Schools- Students that attend a private school or a suburban school get a better education than other students.
8.2. 3. interactionalism.- Critiques the other two views. Focuses on what teachers are expecting from their students and how this influences the students.
8.3. Relationship between school and society
8.3.1. 1. functionalism- Durkheim emphasizes on values to set the tone. functionalism focuses on the ways that the education serves the needs of society.
8.3.2. 2.conflict theory,- Emphasizes on the struggle to maintain social order. Sees the purpose of education as maintaining social inequality and preserving the power of those who dominate society.
9. Educational Inequality
9.1. Cultural Deprivation
9.1.1. 1. Deutsch (1964)
9.1.1.1. poor academic achievement due to the children not having the skills and disposition required for this.
9.1.2. 2.1960's
9.1.2.1. The 1960's theory was that families of working class lacked cultural resources, such as books, so when they reached school age they were at a significant disadvantage from the upper class.
9.2. School Centered
9.2.1. 1. School Financing- The relationship between the schools funding and the students educational preformance. Schools in high poverty areas are at an disadvantage, because the funding for their school is less than the funding for wealthy community.
9.2.2. 2. Cirriculum and Ability Grouping- Within the school there is a classroom for the low scoring students which hinders the growth of these students.
9.2.3. 3.Cirriculum and Pedagogic Practices- Academic achievement based on different school types. Upper class students are more likely to attend private schools. Middle class student and lower class is more likely to attend a public school.
9.2.4. 4. Gender and Schooling- There is a difference in how a man and woman view the world. The educational system does not cater to women.