1. Study: Clive Wearing
1.1. Suffers from severe anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Damage to the hippocampus and associated areas.
1.1.1. Before the damage, he was a world-class musician and can still play the piano amazingly and conduct a choir, but can't remember his musical education. He can remember some aspects of his life before amnesia, but not others.
1.1.1.1. He can remember the love for his wife, he has kids (but can't remember their names or their age) and how to play the piano. However, his memory only lasts for around 10-15 seconds. This means that everytime he sees his wife it's like the first time in forever.
1.1.2. Clive Wearing shows that while one store of memory may be destroyed (like the vast majority of his episodic and semantic memory), his procedural and parts of his episodic memory survived (piano playing and the love for his wife).
1.2. The model is oversimplified, in particular when it suggests that both short-term and long-term memory each operate in a single, uniform fashion. We now know is this not the case. Wearing could remember some things, but not others.
2. Craik and Watson (1973)
2.1. According to the MSM, what matters in rehearsal is the amount of it that you do.
2.1.1. According to this, the more you rehearse some info, the more likely you'll transfer it to LTM and remember it for a long time.
2.2. Found that this is wrong. According to Craik and Watson (1973), what matters about it is the type of rehearsal and NOT THE AMOUNT.
2.3. Elaborative rehearsal is needed for long-term storage.
2.4. Happens when you link the information to your existing knowledge, or you think about what it means. This is why we remember information best when we teach people.
2.4.1. Major limitation of MSM since it's another research finding that can't be explained by the model.
3. Supporting evidence
3.1. Study: Shalice and Washington (1970) and KF.
3.1.1. They found that KF's short-term memory for digits was very poor when they read them out loud to him.
3.1.2. KF's recall was much better when he was able to read the digits to himself.
3.1.3. Showed that there could potentially be a separate store for non verbal sounds such as noises.
3.2. Study: Rosenbaum 2005 - K.C
3.2.1. K.C. has been investigated extensively over some 20 years since a motorcycle accident left him with widespread brain damage that includes large bilateral hippocampal lesions, which caused a remarkable case of memory impairment. On standard testing, K.C.'s anterograde amnesia is as severe as that of any other case reported in the literature, like H.M.
3.2.2. However his ability to make use of knowledge and experiences from the time before his accident shows a sharp dissociation between semantic and episodic memory.
3.2.3. A good deal of his general knowledge of the world, including knowledge about himself, is preserved, but he is incapable of recollecting any personally experienced events.
3.2.4. KC has shown that damage to specific regions of the brain is associated with different forms of memory loss.
3.2.4.1. As a result of damage to Cochrane’s medial temporal lobe, specifically his hippocampus, research suggests that this area functions in processing episodic memory.
3.2.4.2. However, damage to this area has left his semantic memory fully intact.
3.2.5. This implies that episodic and semantic components of memory could be formed and stored separately, and thus processed by different regions of the brain