1. Bacteria
1.1. controlled by operon model
1.1.1. stretch of DNA that includes the promoter, regulatory region, operator, and structural genes
1.1.2. can be switched off by the repressor
1.1.2.1. the repressor is a product of a different regulatory gene
1.1.2.2. blocks promoter region, DNA polymerase can't bind
1.1.3. types of operons
1.1.3.1. inductable
1.1.3.1.1. normally turned off, can be turned on
1.1.3.1.2. function in anabolic pathways
1.1.3.2. repressible
1.1.3.2.1. always turned on, can be turned off
1.1.3.2.2. function in catabolic pathways
1.2. can control metabolic pathways by
1.2.1. regulation of enzyme activity through negative feedback
1.2.2. regulate making of enzymes (a little bit slower)
1.2.3. anabolic
1.2.3.1. building
1.2.4. catabolic
1.2.4.1. breaking down
1.3. positive gene regualtion
1.3.1. in presence of cAMP, CAP binds to the promoter and increases the rate of RNA polymerase activity
1.3.2. CAP protein = catabolite activator protein
1.3.2.1. activated when glucose is scarce
1.3.2.1.1. activated by binding with cyclic AMP
2. Eukaryote
2.1. gene expression is essential for cell differentiation (some genes are on and some are off in specific cells)
2.2. many levels cell can control protein synthesis
2.2.1. chromatin remodeling
2.2.1.1. whether or not DNA is readable or not
2.2.2. transcription
2.2.3. RNA processing
2.2.3.1. edit after mRNA is transcribed
2.2.4. translation
2.2.4.1. degrade mRNA before it gets to a ribosome
2.2.5. post-translational modification
2.2.5.1. modify polypeptide (folding, ect)
2.2.5.2. can control which genes get chopped up and which stick around
2.2.5.2.1. ubiquitin bind to protein and is being chopped up and recycled
2.3. regualtion of chromatin structure
2.3.1. heterochromatin
2.3.1.1. tightly packed
2.3.1.2. genes usually not expressed
2.3.2. euchromatin
2.3.2.1. loosely packed
2.3.3. tags put on histones or DNA
2.3.3.1. acydolate histones
2.3.3.1.1. control protein synthesis
2.3.3.2. can be inherited
2.3.3.2.1. epigentics
2.3.3.3. can be influenced by the environment (nurture & nature)
2.4. transcriptional control of eukaryotic cells
2.4.1. enhancers sit on DNA sections and help it to be transcribed
2.4.1.1. activators can bond to enhancers to bend down DNA
2.4.1.1.1. helps initiate transcription complex